Thyroid function of subjects with goitre and cretinism in an endemic goitre area of rural China after use of iodized salt

1988 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan-Ping Pang ◽  
An Ouyang ◽  
Tian-Sue Su ◽  
Jerome M. Hershman
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Serum Free

Abstract. Endemic goitre and cretinism are still a public health problem in China. An epidemiological survey showed that about 5% of the inhabitants in Daxin village, Henan province, had goitre or cretinism after an iodized salt prevention programme had been carried out for two decades. The main food for the inhabitants of this area has an iodine content <30 nmol/kg and the water for cooking and drinking has an iodine concentration between 7–12 nmol/l. We studied thyroid function in subjects of this village. There were 42 with grade 0 goitre (males 29, females 13), 42 grade I (males 23, females 19), 27 grade II (males 9, females 18), 31 grade III (males 14, females 17) and 34 cretinism patients (males 30, females 4) diagnosed and classified according to WHO criteria. Serum T4, free T4, T3, free T3, T3 uptake, TSH and thyroglobulin were measured in these subjects. The patients with goitre or cretinism had significantly decreased serum free T4 and increased serum T3 and free T3 levels compared with those of controls. Thyroid size was positively correlated with age and serum thyroglobulin concentrations. Serum thyroglobulin was significantly increased even in the grade 0 goitre subjects. The percentages of subjects with serum free T4 < 12 nmol/l, T3 >2.5 nmol/l, free T3 >5.2 pmol/l, TSH >3.5 mU/l, T3/T4 ratio >0.03 and free T3/free T4 ratio >0.36 were significantly higher among goitre and cretinism patients than among controls. The data suggest that there is partial compensation for a marginal deficiency of iodine in the inhabitants of this village.

scholarly journals Amniotic fluid iodine concentrations do not vary in pregnant women with varying iodine intake

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1178-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo García-Fuentes ◽  
Manuel Gallo ◽  
Laureano García ◽  
Stephanie Prieto ◽  
Javier Alcaide-Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Multivitamin Supplement

Iodine deficiency is an important clinical and public health problem. Its prevention begins with an adequate intake of iodine during pregnancy. International agencies recommend at least 200 μg iodine per d for pregnant women. We assessed whether iodine concentrations in the amniotic fluid of healthy pregnant women are independent of iodine intake. This cross-sectional, non-interventional study included 365 consecutive women who underwent amniocentesis to determine the fetal karyotype. The amniocentesis was performed with abdominal antisepsis using chlorhexidine. The iodine concentration was measured in urine and amniotic fluid. The study variables were the intake of iodized salt and multivitamin supplements or the prescription of a KI supplement. The mean level of urinary iodine was 139·0 (sd94·5) μg/l and of amniotic fluid 15·81 (sd7·09) μg/l. The women who consumed iodized salt and those who took a KI supplement had significantly higher levels of urinary iodine than those who did not (P = 0·01 andP = 0·004, respectively). The urinary iodine levels were not significantly different in the women who took a multivitamin supplement compared with those who did not take this supplement, independently of iodine concentration or multivitamin supplement. The concentrations of iodine in the amniotic fluid were similar, independent of the dietary iodine intake. Urine and amniotic fluid iodine concentrations were weakly correlated, although the amniotic fluid values were no higher in those women taking a KI supplement. KI prescription at recommended doses increases the iodine levels in the mother without influencing the iodine levels in the amniotic fluid.

Management of nontoxic multinodular goitre

2011 ◽  
pp. 589-595
Author(s):  
Wilmar M. Wiersinga
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Disease Entity ◽  
Multinodular Goitre ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
The Uk

Goitres can be classified according to thyroid function into toxic goitres, hypothyroid goitres, and euthyroid or nontoxic goitres (see Chapter 3.5.1). The most prevalent causes of nontoxic goitre are endemic (iodine-deficient) goitre and sporadic nontoxic goitre (diffuse or nodular). The disease entity of sporadic nontoxic goitre is defined as a benign enlargement of the thyroid gland of unknown cause, in euthyroid patients (normal serum free thyroxine (T4) and free triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations) living in an area without endemic goitre. The diagnosis is by exclusion. The prevalence of sporadic nontoxic goitre (also called simple goitre) in the adult population is high, 3.2% in the UK (see Chapter 3.1.7), and it is more common in women (5.3%) than in men (0.8%). This chapter deals predominantly with sporadic nontoxic multinodular goitre.

scholarly journals Two Sources of Maternal Iodine Intake and Their Effect on Maternal and Infant Iodine Status and Thyroid Function and Infant Information Processing in Southern Ethiopia (P11-007-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tafere Gebreegziabher ◽  
Barbara Stoecker
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Supplementation

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to assess the effects of two sources of iodine supplementation on maternal and infant thyroid function and on visual information processing (VIP) of infants in southern Ethiopia Methods A community-based, randomized, supplementation trial was conducted. Mother infant dyads (n = 106) were recruited within the first week after delivery to participate in this study. Mothers were randomly assigned either to receive a potassium iodide capsule (225 µg iodine) daily for 26 weeks or appropriately iodized salt weekly for 26 weeks for household consumption. Maternal thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) and infant T4, TSH, UIC and VIP were measured as outcome variables. Results At baseline, neither mothers nor infants in the two groups (capsule and iodized salt groups) were significantly different in any of the biomarkers and anthropometry measurements. Maternal TSH and goiter rate significantly decreased following iodine supplementation but T3, T4 and Tg didn't change. Maternal UIC and BMIC and infant UIC were not different among groups. Conclusions A maternal dose of 225 µg iodine daily or adequately iodized salt initiated within a week after delivery decreased goiter and TSH but did not impact infant T4, TSH or VIP. The two treatment groups didn't differ in any of the outcome variables. Funding Sources The study was funded by Nestlé Foundation and Oklahoma State University.

scholarly journals Assessment of the iodine nutritional status among Chinese school-aged children

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
Ning Yao ◽  
Chunbei Zhou ◽  
Jun Xie ◽  
Xinshu Li ◽  
Qianru Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Goiter Prevalence

Objective The remarkable success of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) elimination in China has been achieved through a mandatory universal salt iodization (USI) program. The study aims to estimate the relationship between urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and iodine content in edible salt to assess the current iodine nutritional status of school aged children. Methods A total of 5565 students from 26 of 39 districts/counties in Chongqing participated in the study, UIC and iodine content in table salt were measured. Thyroid volumes of 3311 students were examined by ultrasound and goiter prevalence was calculated. Results The overall median UIC of students was 222 μg/L (IQR: 150-313 μg/L). Median UIC was significantly different among groups with non-iodized salt (iodine content <5 mg/kg), inadequately iodized salt (between 5 and 21 mg/kg), adequately iodized (between 21 and 39 mg/kg) and excessively iodized (>39 mg/kg) salt (P < 0.01). The total goiter rate was 1.9% (60/3111) and 6.0% (186/3111) according to Chinese national and WHO reference values, respectively. Thyroid volume and goiter prevalence were not different within the three iodine nutritional status groups (insufficient, adequate and excessive, P > 0.05). Conclusions The efficient implementation of current USI program is able to reduce the goiter prevalence in Chongqing as a low incidence of goiter in school aged children is observed in this study. The widened UIC range of 100–299 μg/L indicating sufficient iodine intake is considered safe with a slim chance of causing goiter or thyroid dysfunction. Further researches were needed to evaluate the applicability of WHO reference in goiter diagnose in Chongqing or identifying more accurate criteria of normal thyroid volume of local students in the future.

scholarly journals Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in a Group of Seaweed Consumers in Norway

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3483
Author(s):  
Inger Aakre ◽  
Lidunn Tveito Evensen ◽  
Marian Kjellevold ◽  
Lisbeth Dahl ◽  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Excessive Iodine

Seaweeds, or macroalgae, may be a good dietary iodine source but also a source of excessive iodine intake. The main aim in this study was to describe the iodine status and thyroid function in a group of macroalgae consumers. Two urine samples were collected from each participant (n = 44) to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC) after habitual consumption of seaweed. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and peroxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), were measured in a subgroup (n = 19). A food frequency questionnaire and an iodine-specific 24 h recall were used to assess iodine intake and macroalgae consumption. The median (p25–p75) UIC was 1200 (370–2850) μg/L. Median (p25–p75) estimated dietary iodine intake, excluding macroalgae, was 110 (78–680) μg/day, indicating that seaweed was the major contributor to the iodine intake. TSH levels were within the reference values, but higher than in other comparable population groups. One third of the participants used seaweeds daily, and sugar kelp, winged kelp, dulse and laver were the most common species. Labelling of iodine content was lacking for a large share of the products consumed. This study found excessive iodine status in macroalgae consumers after intake of dietary seaweeds. Including macroalgae in the diet may give excessive iodine exposure, and consumers should be made aware of the risk associated with inclusion of macroalgae in their diet.

scholarly journals Randomized clinical trial comparing different iodine interventions in school children

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkou Zhao ◽  
Fujie Xu ◽  
Qinlan Zhang ◽  
Li Shang ◽  
Aixiang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Iodized Oil ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this trial was to compare three different iodine interventions.DesignSchool children aged 8–10 years were randomized into one of three groups: group A was provided with iodized salt by researchers with an iodine concentration of 25 ppm; group B purchased iodized salt from the market; and group C was similar to group B with the exception that they were given iodized oil capsules containing 400 mg iodine at the beginning of the study. Salt iodine content was measured bimonthly for 18 months and indicators of iodine deficiency were measured at baseline and 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after randomization.ResultsThe prevalence of abnormal thyroid volumes, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) body surface area reference > 97th percentile, was 18% at baseline and declined to less than 5% by 12 months in groups A and C, and to 9% after 18 months in group B. Results for goitre by palpation were similar. The median urinary iodine was 94 μgl−1 at baseline and increased in all groups to > 200 μgl−1 at the 6-month follow-up.ConclusionsIn this population of school children with initially a low to moderate level of iodine deficiency, the group receiving salt with 25 ppm (group A) was not iodine deficient on all indicators after 18 months of study. When the iodine content of the salt varied, such as in group B, by 18 months thyroid sizes had not yet achieved normal status.

Fortification of Salt with Iodine

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junshi Chen ◽  
Huiyun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Potassium Iodate ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Year 2000

Iodized salt is the best means of providing iodine to deficient populations, and it has been used successfully and safely for 70 years around the world. In China about 450 million people live in iodine-deficient areas. The prevalence of endemic goitre in 7- to 14-year-old children was estimated to be 20% (7 million cases). The Chinese government has undertaken to eliminate iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000, and the manufacture and use of iodized salt throughout China has been compulsory since early 1995. Currently, potassium iodate is used. National regulations require the iodine content of iodized salt to be no less than 30 mg/kg in the salt-processing plant, no less than 25 mg/kg in the market, and no less than 20 mg/kg in the household. According to sporadic sample checking, however, the iodine content of salt in the market and the household is far from satisfactory. The loss of iodine during cooking is as high as 50% to 70%. The major problems in the fortification of salt with iodine in China are the use of uniodized salt in remote areas, an unsatisfactory system for monitoring the quality of iodized salt, the lack of knowledge and skill among marketing staffs, the loss of iodine during storage and cooking, and the lack of nationwide systematic studies to monitor the effectiveness of iodized salt in the control of endemic goitre.

scholarly journals Iodine concentration and content measured by dual-source computed tomography are correlated to thyroid hormone levels in euthyroid  patients: a cross-sectional study in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZhengTeng Li ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
HongMei Liu ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Dongmei Pan
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Dual Energy Ct ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of the dual energy CT measured iodine concentration and total iodine content with blood measured thyroid parameters. Methods: 43 patients with normal thyroid function at our hospital from August 2017 to October 2019 were included in this retrospective study. Dual energy CT was used to scan the neck of thyroid patients. The mean iodine concentration and thyroid tissue volume were measured to calculate the total iodine content of the thyroid. Relevant tests of triiodothyronine (FT3), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid hormone (TSH) were conducted. The correlation of the thyroid mean iodine concentration and total iodine content with blood-measured thyroid function was analysed. Result: The total iodine content in the thyroid was positively correlated with FT3 but negatively correlated with TSH. The mean iodine concentration of the thyroid was positively correlated with both FT3 and TT3. Conclusion : The thyroid iodine content measured by dual energy CT can be used to determine the human iodine nutritional status and evaluate thyroid function, which will facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases.

scholarly journals Iodine concentration and content measured by dual-source computed tomography are correlated to thyroid hormone levels in euthyroid patients

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZhengTeng Li ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
HongMei Liu ◽  
Dongmei Pan
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Dual Energy Ct ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Normal Thyroid Function ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of the dual energy CT measured iodine concentration and total iodine content with blood measured thyroid parameters. Methods: 43 patients with normal thyroid function at our hospital from August 2017 to October 2019 were included in this retrospective study. Dual energy CT was used to scan the neck of thyroid patients. The mean iodine concentration and thyroid tissue volume were measured to calculate the total iodine content of the thyroid. Relevant tests of triiodothyronine (FT3), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid hormone (TSH) were conducted. The correlation of the thyroid mean iodine concentration and total iodine content with blood-measured thyroid function was analysed. Result: The total iodine content in the thyroid was positively correlated with FT3 but negatively correlated with TSH. The mean iodine concentration of the thyroid was positively correlated with both FT3 and TT3. Conclusion: The thyroid iodine content measured by dual energy CT can be used to determine the human iodine nutritional status and evaluate thyroid function, which will facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases.

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