Estradiol and progesterone levels in the endometrium and the reproductive tract luminal washing during the pre-implantation stages of gestation in the rhesus monkey

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ghosh ◽  
Jayasree Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Ovulatory Period ◽  
Hormonal Milieu ◽  
Estradiol 17Β ◽  
Estradiol Concentration

Abstract. To obtain an understanding of the sex steroid hormonal milieu during early gestation, the concentrations of estradiol-17β and progesterone were measured in endometria and reproductive tract luminal fluids collected during the post-ovulatory period (days 2 to 6) of conception, and of non-mated menstrual cycles of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Estradiol content was found to be higher (P< 0.05) in endometria obtained from conception cycles; day-wise analysis revealed higher (P< 0.05) level of tissue estradiol concentration on day 6 of post-ovulation as compared with the normal menstrual cycle. Endometrial progesterone content remained, however, unaltered in both groups of monkeys and thus relatively lower (P< 0.05) endometrial progesterone to estradiol ratios were seen on days 4, 5 and 6 of gestation compared with normal menstrual cycle. There were no significant changes in the profiles and concentrations of estradiol and progesterone in luminal washings. The typical sex steroid hormonal milieu observed in the endometrium during the peri-implantation stage of gestation in conception cycle may be related to the endometrial differentiation towards implantation in the rhesus monkey.

APC resistance during the normal menstrual cycle

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1246-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Silveira ◽  
Stella Thomassen ◽  
Jacob Odeberg ◽  
Anders Hamsten ◽  
Jan Rosing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Activated Protein C ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Serum Estradiol ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Apc Resistance ◽  
Exogenous Estrogen ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Estradiol Concentration

SummaryIncreased serum levels of endogenous as well as exogenous estrogen are regarded to be responsible for acquired activated protein C (APC) resistance. It was the objective of this study to evaluate whether the physiological increase in serum estradiol concentration during the normal menstrual cycle affects the individual’s sensitivity to APC. Seventy-two women with normal menstrual cycles were included in the study. Blood samples for analysis of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and APC resistance were drawn at two time points of the menstrual cycle (day 3–5 and day 22–25). Two methods of measuring APC resistance were used: the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)-based assay and the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP)-based APC resistance test. Independent of the method used, no changes in APC resistance were found, even though the E2 concentration increased significantly between the two menstrual phases. No correlations between E2 levels and APC resistance, P4 levels and APC resistance or changes in E2 concentrations and changes in APC resistance were detected. Ten women were carriers of the factor VLeiden mutation. Their baseline APC resistance was increased, but their response to elevated E2 during the menstrual cycle did not differ from that of non-carriers. In conclusion, our observations suggest that physiological differences in serum levels of estradiol and progesterone between the early follicular and the luteal phase in a normal menstrual cycle do not have any significant impact on the individual’s sensitivity to APC.

Endometrial phosphatases, β-glucuronidase and cathepsin D during menstrual cycle and pre-implantation stages of gestation in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

1988 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayasree Sengupta ◽  
Deepa Talwar ◽  
B. C. Paria ◽  
D. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Cathepsin D ◽  
Acid Hydrolases ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatases ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Ovulatory Period ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

Abstract. β-glucuronidase, cathepsin D, acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in rhesus monkey endometrium during the menstrual cycle (day –6 to day + 10) and pre-implantation stages (day +3 to day +6) of gestation, with day 0 considered as the day of ovulation. Acid hydrolases exhibited low levels in proliferative phase endometria followed by their gradual rise in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Despite no shifts in the levels of serum progesterone and estradiol-17β, the pre-implantation period was, however, associated with distinct changes in enzyme profiles characterized by lower absolute levels (P < 0.05) of acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase on days 3 to 6 of gestation, whereas cathepsin D activity declined significantly (P < 0.05) on days 5 and 6. Alkaline phosphatase showed a characteristic rise during the pre-ovulatory period with a gradual lowering of its level in post-ovulatory phase endometria of a non-fertile cycle; in contrast, during early gestation, alkaline phosphatase activity showed a marked elevation (P < 0.05) on days 5 and 6 of gestation. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Effectiveness of zona pellucida protein ZPB as an immunocontraceptive antigen

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Martinez ◽  
JD Harris
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

Immunization of female mammals with native zona pellucida (ZP) proteins is known to cause infertility. Since each human ZP protein is now available as a purified recombinant protein, is it possible to compare the immunocontraceptive potential of each ZP protein. A breeding study was conducted in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis) after immunization with recombinant human ZP (rhZP) proteins (ZPA, ZPB, ZPC) separately and in combinations. This study demonstrated that immunization with recombinant human ZPB (rhZPB) protein caused cynomolgus monkeys to become infertile for 9-35 months. A second study was conducted in baboons (Papio cynocephalus), which yielded a similar result. The baboons immunized with rhZPB became infertile for 9 to > 20 months. During the time of maximum antibody titre, some animals experienced disruption of the menstrual cycle, but eventually all of the animals resumed normal menstrual cycles. Control animals and animals immunized with other rhZP proteins all became pregnant before any of the rhZPB-treated animals. This is the first study in which a recombinant ZP protein has consistently induced infertility in a primate without permanent disruption of the normal menstrual cycle.

Does the menstrual cycle influence the sensitivity of vagally mediated baroreflexes?

2002 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. COOKE ◽  
David A. LUDWIG ◽  
Paul S. HOGG ◽  
Dwain L. ECKBERG ◽  
Victor A. CONVERTINO
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cardiac Regulation ◽  
Neck Pressure ◽  
Noradrenaline Levels

The menstrual cycle provokes several physiological changes that could influence autonomic regulatory mechanisms. We studied the carotid-cardiac baroreflex in ten healthy young women on four occasions over the course of their menstrual cycles (days 0-8, 9-14, 15-20 and 21-25). We drew blood during each session for analysis of oestrogen, progesterone and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) levels, and assessed carotid-cardiac baroreflex function by analysing R-R interval responses to graded neck pressure sequences. Oestrogen levels followed a classical two-peak (cubic) response, with elevated levels on days 9-14 and 21-25 compared with days 0-8 and 15-20 (P =0.0032), while progesterone levels increased exponentially from days 9-14 to days 21-25 (P = 0.0063). Noradrenaline levels increased from an average of 137pg/ml during the first three measurement periods to 199pg/ml during days 21-25 (P = 0.0456). Carotid-cardiac baroreflex gain and operational point were not statistically different at any of the time points during the menstrual cycle (P⩾0.18). These findings are consistent with the notion that beat-to-beat vagal-cardiac regulation does not change over the course of the normal menstrual cycle.

OVULATION INHIBITION WITH HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN

1975 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Friedrich ◽  
P. Kemeter ◽  
H. Salzer ◽  
G. Breitenecker
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Basal Body Temperature ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Ovulation Inhibition ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Theca Interna ◽  
Secretory Endometrium

ABSTRACT Eight women with regular menstrual cycles were treated daily during 9 cycles with HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) 3000 or 5000 IU daily for a period of 4–7 days. This treatment was started between the 1st and the 6th day after the onset of menstruation. Control of the treatment cycles was performed by basal body temperature, pregnanediol serial estimations, endometrial biopsies and in addition in 5 treatment cycles by radio-immunological assay of oestradiol-17β (Oe2), progesterone, LH and FSH from the serum at intervals of 1 to 3 days. In 6 of these cycles where treatment started on the 4th day or later, ovulation was inhibited (2 cycles) or postponed (4 cycles) to the 24th–46th day. In these 6 treatment cycles the progesterone and pregnanediol increase during HCG treatment was poor or absent. The typical Oe2 increase of the normal menstrual cycle was impaired. In the 3 remaining cycles where treatment was started on the 1st, 2nd and 4th day, we observed during HCG treatment increases in Oe2 and progesterone serum values similar to that found during corpus luteum activity, and menstruation from a secretory endometrium between the 13th–19th day of the cycle. The histologically examined ovaries of one woman who was treated with HCG from the 2nd to the 6th day of the cycle showed distinct Iuteinization of the theca interna of all tertiary follicles and a beginning degeneration of the granulosa. These findings give support to the hypothesis that the luteinization of the theca interna leads to degeneration of the tertiary follicles thereby causing ovulation inhibition or postponement of ovulation.

The causes and management of endometrial breakthrough bleeding

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hickey ◽  
IS Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Breakthrough Bleeding ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

The term breakthrough bleeding (BTB) is rather poorly defined, but essentially describes the symptom of vaginal bleeding occurring with scheduled periods of withdrawal bleeding, in the absence of pelvic pathology in women taking exogenous sex steroids, usually contraceptives or hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). It may also describe occasional bleeding in those who are predominantly experiencing amenorrhoea due to these preparations. Rather confusingly, the term is sometimes used to describe intermenstrual bleeding in women who are not taking sex steroids, when structural or other pathological causes are more likely. In the absence of such pathology intermenstrual bleeding in the normal menstrual cycle is relatively uncommon, suggesting that exogenous sex steroids can profoundly disrupt the tight regulation of endometrial vascular development, function and breakdown. Intermenstrual bleeding also occurs spontaneously in some women and it is possible that this phenomenon has similar mechanisms to that seen in sex-steroid-related breakthrough bleeding.

STUDIES ON THE PATTERN OF CIRCULATING STEROIDS IN THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 608-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.-M. Landgren ◽  
S. Campo ◽  
S. Z. Cekan ◽  
E. Diczfalusy
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Steady Decrease ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Menstruating Women ◽  
Ovulatory Period ◽  
17 Hydroxyprogesterone

ABSTRACT The variation of the plasma levels of 11 steroids and LH was investigated in 6 normally menstruating women during the peri-menstrual period. Blood was withdrawn continuously over a period of 42 h at a rate of 4 ml/h by means of a non-thrombogenic pump. The changes in hormone levels were studied during 14 3-h sampling periods (42 h) which - with respect to the clock time - were identical in all subjects. Cortisol, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone exhibited a marked circadian rhythm with the highest mean levels in the morning between 06.00 and 09.00 h and the lowest mean levels during the night between 21.00 and 03.00 h. The amplitude of the variation was high, the differences between the highest and lowest values being 200, 590 and 150%, respectively. Also the coincidence of individual peak values with the average peaks was high (mostly in 5 out of 6 cases). The correlation of cortisol levels with those of 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone was significant (r = 0.79 and 0.59, respectively; P < 0.001). The circadian variation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and pregnenolone was also significant, but less pronounced, as indicated by lower amplitudes and larger spread of individual peaks around average peaks. The correlation of the levels of these steroids with those of cortisol was significant (r=0.47 P<0.001; r=0.44 P<0.001 and r=0.31: P<0.01, respectively). Progesterone, 20α-dihydroprogesterone, testosterone and oestradiol did not exhibit any circadian variation, but a steady decrease of levels. The levels of the first two steroids were significantly correlated (r = 0.81; P < 0.001). The dihydrotestosterone and LH levels did not show any significant changes during the entire study. If, however, only the second half of the sampling time was statistically analysed, a significant increase was found in the LH levels. During this time the LH levels were negatively correlated with the decreasing levels of progesterone and 20α-dihydroprogesterone (r=−0.59 and −0.66, respectively; P < 0.001). A comparison of the data with those of a previous study performed during the peri-ovulatory period suggests that the occurrence, intensity and regularity of the circadian rhythm varies according to different phases of the menstrual cycle. The data also suggest that 17-hydroxypregnenolone in plasma is an excellent indicator of adrenocortical activity.

scholarly journals Incidence and etiologic factors responsible for anovulation in infertility cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1567
Author(s):  
Rajeshwari Singangutti
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Endometrial Biopsy ◽  
Cervical Mucus ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Ovulatory Dysfunction ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Positive Results

Background: Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility. Anovulation leads to a long-term problem such as hyperandrogenism. Anovulation usually associated with amenorrhoea about 20% and oligomenorrhoea of women with ovulatory dysfunction. Present study was designed to assess the incidence and etiological factors responsible for anovulation in infertility cases.Methods: Study comprised of one hundred patients attending the outdoor clinic of the department for infertility either primary or secondary with regular and irregular menstrual cycles and patients of secondary amenorrhoea.Results: Among the total cases Polymenorrhoea was seen in 10% of cases, oligomenorrhea in 14% cases, secondary amenorrhoea in 3% and 73% cases had normal menstrual cycle. cervical mucus viscosity in ovulatory group to be low in 84.6% cases, moderate in 8.5% cases and high in 38% cases. In anovulatory cycles findings were reversed with viscosity at 14th day it was moderate in 27.27% and higher in 54.54% cases.Conclusions: Cervical mucus is a good indicator of the cyclical changes in ovarian hormonal as no false positive results were found. Endometrial biopsy is the mainstay in infertility studios as it provides information regarding the ovulating status.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document