scholarly journals The Analysis of Specialists Supply Changes and their Competence Evaluation Opportunities in Lithuania

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Arūnas Pocius
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Competence Evaluation ◽  
Education Indicators ◽  
Employment Survey

This article aims to analyze the situation and the development of the labor supply in Lithuania. Much attention ispaid to possibilities of competencies identification. The analysis was carried out by using Education indicators of Lithuanianpopulation according to ISCED and classification of Lithuanian Education provided by Statistics Lithuania. Also analysis ofLithuanian labour force (employment survey) data were used. The indicators used in the article include labour supply (labourresources) distribution by education and its separate areas. A key priority of the article is the evaluation of changes in supply. Theanalysis is based on the data of labour force (employment) survey of Statistics Lithuania and its information published aboutspecialists prepared in country educational institutions.

scholarly journals The contribution of immigration from Ukraine to economic growth in Poland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Strzelecki ◽  
Jakub Growiec ◽  
Robert Wyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Residual Contribution ◽  
Official Data

AbstractFrom 2014 onwards Poland witnessed an unprecedented inflow of immigrant workers from Ukraine. Coupled with strong labour demand, this surge in labour supply provided a major contribution to Poland’s economic growth. However, due to problems with capturing immigration in Labour Force Survey data this contribution has remained hitherto largely unaccounted in official data. This paper uses a range of alternative official data sources to estimate the actual number of immigrants, and survey data on migrant characteristics, collected in four Polish cities, to estimate the effective labour supply of Ukrainian immigrants in terms of productivity-adjusted hours worked. The authors find that the arrival of Ukrainian workers was increasing the effective labour supply in Poland in 2013–2018 by 0.8% per annum. Imputing this additional labour supply in a growth accounting exercise they find that the (previously unaccounted) contribution of Ukrainian workers amounted to about 0.5 pp. per annum, i.e., about 13% of Poland’s GDP growth in 2013–2018. The same figure should be subtracted from the residual contribution of total factor productivity growth, suggesting that recent growth in Poland has been in fact much more labour-intensive than previously interpreted.

scholarly journals Women’s Vulnerability to the Economic Crisis through the Lens of Part-time Work in Spain

2021 ◽  
pp. 095001702110012
Author(s):  
Valeria Insarauto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

This article studies women’s vulnerability to the economic crisis of 2008 through the lens of part-time work in Spain. It posits that part-time work made the female employment position more fragile by acting as a transmission mechanism of traditional gender norms that establish women as secondary workers. This argument is tested through an analysis of Labour Force Survey data from 2007 to 2014 that examines the influence of the employment situation of the household on women’s part-time employment patterns. The results expose the limited take-up of part-time work but also persistent patterns of involuntariness and underemployment corresponding to negative household employment situations, highlighting the constraining role of gender norms borne by the relative position of part-time work in the configuration of employment structures. The article concludes that, during the crisis, part-time work participated in the re-establishment of women as a family dependent and flexible labour supply, increasing their vulnerability.

The End of Sharecropping in Central Italy after 1945: The Role of Mechanisation in the Changing Relationship between Peasant Families and Land

Rural History ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
STUART OGLETHORPE
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Push Factor

Abstract:This article focuses on the mechanisation of agriculture in central Italy in the thirty years or so after 1945. This provides a particular way of examining the major changes in the rural landscape in this period, especially the end of the sharecropping system. Land in these regions had for centuries been predominantly farmed under sharecropping contracts, but for political, economic, and demographic reasons this system, which had inhibited modernisation, entered a rapid decline. Whereas labour supply had previously exceeded demand, the reverse became the case, allowing sharecropping families more freedom in how they operated. Mechanisation was not a ‘push’ factor, but as the agricultural labour force contracted it was a necessary response. The article uses individual testimony to illustrate how tenant farmers started to work outside the sharecropping contract, some becoming outside contractors with other farms and supplying tractor hire. The mechanisation of agriculture was slow and uneven, but marked an irreversible change in the relationship between farming families and their land.

The myth of English as a ‘colonialist’ imposition upon India: a reappraisal with special reference to South India

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-315
Author(s):  
Robert E. Frykenberg
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Educational System ◽  
English Language ◽  
South India ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Natural Growth ◽  
Cheap Labour

Every schoolboy and schoolgirl in India, figuratively speaking, is taught the Myth of Macaulay's Minute. According to this myth, attitudes of lofty condescension towards India's peoples and their inferior cultures, combined with practical needs for a cheap labour force to supply the manpower requirements of an enormous bureaucratic machine, prompted alien rulers to impose an English language educational system upon the subcontinent and, thereby, to neglect and stifle the natural growth of indigenous educational institutions. Moreover, in its more extreme forms, this myth assumes that these rulers were also either racially arrogant or wilfully ignorant, or both. Finally, this myth assumes that the disastrous consequences of this “colonialist” fiat were a major factor inhibiting the progress and well-being of a large proportion of India's peoples.

Technical means of customs control and their classification

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Minnegaley Gizyatovich Akhmetov
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Higher Educational

The article discusses the classification of technical means of customs control. The modern views on the field of application of technical means of customs control when passing goods and vehicles through the customs border of the Eurasian Union are disclosed. The approaches to grouping, classification of technical means of customs control are clarified. The data in the article can be used by customs authorities in organizing the practical application of technical means of customs control and in the educational process of higher educational institutions in the «Customs» field of study.

Life-cycle choices and risk

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Fehr ◽  
Fabian Kindermann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Portfolio Choice ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Precautionary Savings ◽  
Longevity Risk ◽  
Future Earnings ◽  
Participation Decision

The optimal savings and investment decisions of households along the life cycle were a central issue in Chapter 5. There, savings decisions were made under various forms of risks.However, we restricted our analysis to three period models owing to the limitations of the numerical all-in-one solution we used. In this chapter we want to take a different approach. Applying the dynamic programming techniques learned so far allows us to separate decision-making at different stages of the life cycle into small sub-problems and therefore increase the number of periods we want to look at enormously. This enables us to take amuchmore detailed look at how life-cycle labour supply, savings, and portfolio choice decisions are made in the presence of earnings, investment, and longevity risk. Unlike in Chapter 9, the models we study here are partial equilibrium models. Hence, all prices as well as government policies are exogenous and do not react to changes in household behaviour. This chapter is split into two parts. The first part focuses on labour supply and savings decisions in the presence of labour-productivity and longevity risk. Insurance markets against these risks are missing, such that households will try to self-insure using the only savings vehicle available, a risk-free asset. This model is a quite standard workhorse model in macroeconomics and a straightforward general equilibrium extension exists, the overlapping generations model, which we study in Chapter 11. In the second part of the chapter, we slightly change our viewpoint and look upon the problem of life-cycle decision-making from a financial economics perspective. We therefore exclude laboursupply decisions, but focus on the optimal portfolio choice of households along the life cycle, when various forms of investment vehicles like bonds, stocks, annuities, and retirement accounts are available. This section is devoted to analysing consumption and savings behaviour when households face uncertainty about future earnings and the length of their life span. We study how households can use precautionary savings in a risk-free asset as a means to selfinsure against the risks they face. While in our baseline model we assume that agents always work full-time, we relax this assumption later on by considering a model with endogenous labour supply as well as a model with a labour-force participation decision of second earners within a family context.

Labour supply dynamics at the extensive and intensive margins of the UK men and women

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Tobit Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Individual Heterogeneity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extensive And Intensive Margins ◽  
The Uk

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to enhance understanding labour supply dynamics of the UK workers by examining whether and to what extent there is state dependence in the labour supply at both the extensive and intensive margins.Design/methodology/approachA dynamic two-tiered Tobit model is applied to the first seven waves of Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study. The model used accounts for observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity and serially correlated transitory shocks to labour supply to draw inferences on state dependence.FindingsThe results show that both observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity contributes to observed inter-temporal persistence of the labour supply of the UK workers, and the persistence remains after these factors are controlled for, suggesting true state dependence at both the extensive and intensive margins of the labour supply. The study also finds that at both the margins, the state dependence of labour supply is larger for females than for males and that for both genders the state dependence is larger for people with low education, mature aged workers and people with long-standing illness or impairment. The results also show that estimates from a conventional Tobit model may produce misleading inferences regarding labour supply at the extensive and intensive margins.Originality/valueThis study adds to the international literature on labour supply dynamics by providing empirical evidence for both the extensive and intensive margins of labour supply, while previous studies tend to focus on the extensive margin of labour force participation only. Also, unlike earlier studies that often focus on females, this study compares labour supply dynamics between males and females. The study also compares the estimates from the more flexible two-tiered Tobit model with that from the conventional Tobit model.

Labour supply behaviour of married women in Toronto

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasanthi Thenuwara ◽  
Bryan Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Supply Elasticity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the connection between labour supply and the wages of married women of different ages in Toronto using data from the 2010 Labour Force Survey of Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ three econometric techniques, ordinary least square, 2 stage least square and the Heckman two-step method to estimate the supply elasticities. The first two focus on the wage rate and hours conditional on the subjects being employed whereas the third method controls for sample selectivity bias by including the unemployed. Bootstrap test statistics are produced when the normality assumption for the error terms is found to be violated. Findings – The aggregate labour supply elasticity for married women in Toronto is estimated to be 0.053 which similar to value found for Canada for a whole in a previous study even though Toronto is much more diverse culturally than average. The labour supply elasticities for 25-34 year old and 35-44 year old married are estimated to be 0.108 and 0.079, respectively. The supply elasticity for married women aged 45-59 is not significantly different from 0. Originality/value – The paper shows that younger married women in Toronto are more responsive to an increase in wages than older women. The estimation procedure and the testing of the significance of coefficients are more rigorous than previous studies.

Estimating Labour Supply in Policy-Oriented Regional Planning Models

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1781-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Regional Models ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Planning Models ◽  
The Relationship

The importance of integrating policies concerned with the demand and supply of labour within growing regions has long been recognized. However, there are important theoretical deficiencies associated with orthodox methods. In the traditional approach to operational urban and regional models it is claimed that the relationship between labour demand and labour supply is functional and one sided, that is, the growth of labour demand causes population growth and leads to an assured level of labour supply. However it is argued that in the development of regional labour-force policies aimed at recognized objectives, estimates of the number and characteristics of persons available to the labour force are at least as important as estimates of the structure of labour demand. A change in the traditional theoretical framework is therefore necessary to allow for the influence of a particular population structure upon the supply of labour—in aggregate as well as to different occupational submarkets. Presentation of a more independent treatment of methods aimed at estimating the ‘availability’ (and the ‘requirements’) of labour also allows for the possibility, and consequences, of imbalance in the labour market to be recognized.

scholarly journals The Spillover Effects of Spousal Chronic Diseases on Married Couples’ Labour Supply: Evidence from China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen ◽  
Zheng ◽  
Tan
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Level

The objective of this study is to examine the spillover effects of chronic diseases experienced by spouses on their wives or husbands’ labour supply. Using data from 2010 and 2012 of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study employed a difference-in-difference (DD) strategy to investigate the average treatment effect of affected adults on their spouses’ working hours. The results show that, after their spouses were diagnosed with chronic diseases, the average weekly working hours of wives and husbands would be significantly reduced by 3.7–4.2 h and 3.8–4.4 h, respectively. Specially, the average weekly hours of full-time work would be reduced by 2.1–3.3 h for wives and 3.6–3.8 h for husbands. The effect was stronger for those married couples with lower socioeconomic status (SES), such as low-level education, family asset, non-labour income, while the effect was insignificant for high-level SES households. Therefore, as a result of the adverse spillover effects on household labour supply, chronic diseases could cause a greater loss of labour force productivity. Additionally, households in low levels of SES may suffer more losses from reduced labour supply when spousal chronic diseases take place.

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