scholarly journals The Concept of Values in the Lithuanian Worldview

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
Irena Smetonienė
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Work Commitment ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Value System ◽  
Personal Liberty ◽  
Detailed Classification

Although the value system has been discussed since the antiquity, the list of underlying values has not been available yet. Socrates elaborated on virtue, courage and justice, Plato was concerned about truth, goodness, wisdom, determination and temperance. Aristotle analysed ethical norms. Thomas Aquinas considered values to be perfection, which exists as absolute good. He distinguished prudence, justice, volitional morality, faith, hope and love. Jeanas-Jacquesas Rousseau tended to exalt ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity, and humanism and considered happiness, reason, sympathy to be underlying values, encouraged development of volition, independence and pro-activeness. The most relevant values for Immanuel Kant included reason, liberty, self-respect, honour, duty, autonomy, volition and goodness. The philosophers of the 20th century, for example, Max Scheler, made attempts to classify values. The Italian philosopher Battista Mondina stated that values can be of different levels (from the perspective of values not all the things and behaviour patterns are equal: some of them possess more value, whereas the others – less) and comprise a certain hierarchy. He presents a more detailed classification of values, which better complies with life and attitudes of an individual in the 20th century.In the end of the 20th century the researchers got an idea of creating a hierarchy of values relevant to a separate nation. The description of the project “Polish Axiological Dictionary”, which distinguishes the values of importance to the Polish, can be considered an example.It is obvious that a unified conception of values did not exist: different authors treated values in a different way. The concept value is used in various meanings: as an aspect of world value, as attractive objects, life quality, valuable things or phenomena, behaviour norms which influence decisions. Values reflect what is most valuable for an individual from cultural, psychological, sociological, moral and esthetical perspectives. An individual is governed and guided by values; he/she lives for them.The values make up the core of every culture. However, the issue of values raises many questions. Firstly, does a canon of universal values exist? In fact, such values as motherland, patriotism, democracy and tolerance are important but are they equally important? Such daily life values as – work, career, and money – are conceptualised. The question arises if this has always and everywhere been like this? Are such values as family, marriage, child still relevant these days? Most likely for Lithuanians these values will hardly differ from common European or common human values but it is still interesting what is typical only of Lithuanians, what did they include into their value system adopting experience of neighbouring countries and what presupposed the meaning of words.Working on the book “Values in the Worldview of Lithuanians” an idea came to mind that following the concept analysis, attempts can be made to classify Lithuanian values.Various classification principles can be applied:• Societal values: state, nation, motherland, language, freedom, land, work, commitment, justice, duty, honour, morality, the good, the beautiful, morals, etc.• Personal values: happiness, family, home, personal liberty, health, loves, etc.They can also be related to the individual’s growth:• Values that build up the personality: home, family, nature, faith, work, morals, love – that is, everything, what a person gets in the family.• Values that improve the personality: state, nation, language, freedom, patriotism, empathy, tolerance, wisdom, etc. – that is, everything, what a person gets at school and in his/her further life.However, strict boundaries do not exist and cannot exist because a person functions as a member of society as well as a separate individual.

scholarly journals Re-evaluating DSM-I

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cooper ◽  
R. K. Blashfield
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
World War ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The Military

The DSM-I is currently viewed as a psychoanalytic classification, and therefore unimportant. There are four reasons to challenge the belief that DSM-I was a psychoanalytic system. First, psychoanalysts were a minority on the committee that created DSM-I. Second, psychoanalysts of the time did not use DSM-I. Third, DSM-I was as infused with Kraepelinian concepts as it was with psychoanalytic concepts. Fourth, contemporary writers who commented on DSM-I did not perceive it as psychoanalytic. The first edition of the DSM arose from a blending of concepts from the Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals of Mental Diseases, the military psychiatric classifications developed during World War II, and the International Classification of Diseases (6th edition). As a consensual, clinically oriented classification, DSM-I was popular, leading to 20 printings and international recognition. From the perspective inherent in this paper, the continuities between classifications from the first half of the 20th century and the systems developed in the second half (e.g. DSM-III to DSM-5) become more visible.

Dubrovnik Republic in Russian Historiography in the 19th — the Beginning of the 20th Century

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9 (107)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Irina Vorobyova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
European Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imaginative Literature ◽  
Urban Problems ◽  
Scientific Results

This article concerns the initial period of the phenomena of Dubrovnik Republic, who kept its independence during centuries in the alien ethnic and confessional surroundings. This item seldom appeared in the sphere of attention of the specialists upon the European urban studies. The historian V. V. Makushev (1837—1883), being at the diplomatic service in Dubrovnik, studied the resources and published the scientific results in his articles and monographs. He created his author classification of the sources of the urban problems, evaluated their informational  capability, proved the historical value of the imaginative literature. This approach is actual for the analysis of the medieval history of the Mediterranean and other European cities.

The Functionalization of Essential (A Priori) Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (9999) ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Aivaras Stepukonis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Special Mode ◽  
The Will ◽  
Essential Knowledge ◽  
Priori Knowledge

The article explores a special mode of the human mind outlined in the writings of Max Scheler under the notion of the functionalization of essential (a priori) knowledge. While the concept of a priori was given its profound elaboration in the writings of Immanuel Kant, Scheler applies it with a number of significant modifications. Along with the a priori of objective reality, which is the mind’s first step in grasping the autonomous world, Scheler comes to posit a species of a priori that is subjective. A person’s exposure to an objective essence exercises a special kind of influence on that person’s mind: what was once an objective a priori is appropriated as a subjective a priori, the thing thought becomes a “form” or pattern of thinking, the thing liked becomes a “form” or manner of liking. “Functionalization” characterizes precisely the mind’s ability to transmute the essential knowledge of autonomous reality into subjective a priori forms of knowing and anticipating that reality. This transmutation unfolds on three intuitive planes: that of meaning which is known, that of value which is perceived or apprehended, and that of existence which is encountered in the resistance of objects to the will of the percipient.

scholarly journals Analysis and Classification of Mitigation Tools against Cyberattacks in COVID-19 Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
George Iakovakis ◽  
Constantinos-Giovanni Xarhoulacos ◽  
Konstantinos Giovas ◽  
Dimitris Gritzalis
Keyword(s):  
Computer Networks ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Threat Intelligence ◽  
One Step ◽  
Automated Tools ◽  
Cyber Threat Intelligence

The COVID-19 outbreak has forced businesses to shift to an unprecedented “work from home” company environment. While this provides advantages for employees and businesses, it also leads to a multitude of shortcomings, most prevalent of which is the emergence of additional security risks. Previous to the outbreak, company computer networks were mainly confined within its facilities. The pandemic has now caused this network to “spread thin,” as the majority of employees work remotely. This has opened up a variety of new vulnerabilities, as workers’ cyber protection is not the same at home as it is in office. Although the effects of the virus are now subsiding, working remotely has embedded itself as the new normal. Thus, it is imperative for company management to take the necessary steps to ensure business continuity and be prepared to deal with an increased number of cyber threats. In our research, we provide a detailed classification for a group of tools which will facilitate risk mitigation and prevention. We also provide a selection of automated tools such as vulnerability scanners, monitoring and logging tools, and antivirus software. We outline each tool using tables, to show useful information such as advantages, disadvantages, scalability, cost, and other characteristics. Additionally, we implement decision trees for each category of tools, in an attempt to assist in navigating the large amount of information presented in this paper. Our objective is to provide a multifaceted taxonomy and analysis of mitigation tools, which will support companies in their endeavor to protect their computer networks. Our contribution can also help companies to have some type of cyber threat intelligence so as to put themselves one step ahead of cyber criminals.

scholarly journals A STATE OF ART AND PROSPECTS OF USED PNEUMATIC TIRES MANAGEMENT (REVIEW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
I.O. Mikulionok
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
The World ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
Frag Ments ◽  
Pneumatic Tires

The basic data on the volume of production of pneumatic tires in the world and in Ukraine are presented. The need to improve the ways of handling pneumatic tires that have lost their con-sumer properties (worn out tires as a result of their intended use and tires rejected as a result of passing quality control during their manufacture) is shown as one of the most dangerous for the environment and promising in terms of using their properties. A detailed classification of methods for handling worn out and defective tires is proposed and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of utilization of tires, in particular, recycling, which makes it possible to efficiently use the secondary raw materials obtained from tires directly for their intended purpose. The features of physical, physicochemical and chemical processing methods, in particular combustion, gasification, pyrolysis of tires and their frag-ments, as well as the prospects for their decomposition under the influence of environmental factors, in particular microorganisms, are also considered. The main ways of solving the prob-lem of tires that have lost their consumer properties in Ukraine are proposed. Bibl. 88, Fig. 2.

scholarly journals Pattern Recognition by Hierarchical Feature Extraction

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Daigo Misaki ◽  
◽  
Shigeru Aomura ◽  
Noriyuki Aoyama
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Local Features ◽  
Detailed Classification

We discuss effective pattern recognition for contour images by hierarchical feature extraction. When pattern recognition is done for an unlimited object, it is effective to see the object in a perspective manner at the beginning and next to see in detail. General features are used for rough classification and local features are used for a more detailed classification. D-P matching is applied for classification of a typical contour image of individual class, which contains selected points called ""landmark""s, and rough classification is done. Features between these landmarks are analyzed and used as input data of neural networks for more detailed classification. We apply this to an illustrated referenced book of insects in which much information is classified hierarchically to verify the proposed method. By introducing landmarks, a neural network can be used effectively for pattern recognition of contour images.

scholarly journals Generative Strategies of Russian Men in Terms of Depopulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
Chulpan I. Ildarhanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Value System ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
Generative Behavior ◽  
North Western

Theoretical and methodological base of the research includes socio-demographic, thesaurus and generational approaches. Scientific and methodical base of the research is a survey held in the Volga Federal District (Republic of Tatarstan) and the North-Western Federal District (Vologda Region). This study reflects the rupture of the family thesaurus, the loss of the authoritarian value system of family relations, which leads to the leveling of responsibility, distortion of the forms of family relations, and orientation to false family values. Transmission of marital and reproductive behavior of Russian men in intergenerational aspect is analyzed on the base of the empiric survey, the role of father in comparative correlation with transmission of value heritage of fatherhood image is discovered. The scientific novelty of the study is to identify, based on the original methodology, problem areas for the implementation of various models of generative behavior of Russian men in the conditions of transformation of family and parenting institutions.

Congenital and Pediatric Glaucomas, by Robert N. Shaffer, M.D., F.A.C.S. and Daniel I. Weiss, M.D. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Company, 1970, 221 pp., $20.50

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1104
Author(s):  
David S. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Operative Techniques ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

The authors begin their presentation–in this, the first textbook I know of devoted entirely to pediatric glaucomas–with a detailed classification of glaucomas in childhood. This is followed by a discussion of diagnostic techniques and the important clinical signs encountered in the pediatric glaucomas. A description of the conditions assoiated with childhood glaucomas follows, including a concise review of their distinguishing ocular features, with additional comments on treatment. The final section deals with methods of treatment; appropriate emphasis is given to the operative techniques used in performing a goniotomy.

A Classification of Homogeneous Surfaces

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1097-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Huckleberry ◽  
E. L. Livorni
Keyword(s):  
Automorphism Group ◽  
Homogeneous Space ◽  
Lie Group ◽  
Compact Complex Manifold ◽  
Coset Space ◽  
Left Coset ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Dimensional Ball ◽  
Lie Subgroup

Throughout this paper a surface is a 2-dimensional (not necessarily compact) complex manifold. A surface X is homogeneous if a complex Lie group G of holomorphic transformations acts holomorphically and transitively on it. Concisely, X is homogeneous if it can be identified with the left coset space G/H, where if is a closed complex Lie subgroup of G. We emphasize that the assumption that G is a complex Lie group is an essential part of the definition. For example, the 2-dimensional ball B2 is certainly “homogeneous” in the sense that its automorphism group acts transitively. But it is impossible to realize B2 as a homogeneous space in the above sense. The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed classification of the homogeneous surfaces. We give explicit descriptions of all possibilities.

Product Diversification and Profitability in German Manufacturing Firms

2011 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Braakmann ◽  
Joachim Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Rich Data

SummaryWe use unique rich data for German manufacturing enterprises to investigate the product diversification - firm performance relationship.We find that an increase in the degree of product diversification has a negative impact on profitability when observed and unobserved firm characteristics are controlled for. The effects are statistically significant and large from an economic point of view. This helps to understand the fact that nearly 40 percent of all enterprises with at least 20 employees are single-product firms according to a detailed classification of products, and that multi-product enterprises with a large number of goods are a rare species.

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