Dubrovnik Republic in Russian Historiography in the 19th — the Beginning of the 20th Century

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9 (107)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Irina Vorobyova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
European Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imaginative Literature ◽  
Urban Problems ◽  
Scientific Results

This article concerns the initial period of the phenomena of Dubrovnik Republic, who kept its independence during centuries in the alien ethnic and confessional surroundings. This item seldom appeared in the sphere of attention of the specialists upon the European urban studies. The historian V. V. Makushev (1837—1883), being at the diplomatic service in Dubrovnik, studied the resources and published the scientific results in his articles and monographs. He created his author classification of the sources of the urban problems, evaluated their informational  capability, proved the historical value of the imaginative literature. This approach is actual for the analysis of the medieval history of the Mediterranean and other European cities.

“History Misappropriation or Compreension?” (Russian Lihuanian Studies in the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 219-236
Author(s):  
Andrey Yu. Dvornichenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The abundant Russian historiography of the medieval history of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian-Russian State) has become in the last decades the centre of the discussions and is often subject to groundless criticism. This historiography was not very lucky in the Soviet period of the 20th century either, as it was severely criticized from the Marxist-Leninist position. When discussing Russian historiography the author of this article is consciously committed to the Russian positions. There are no reasons to consider this historiography branch either Byelorussian or Ukrainian one, as that was really Russian historiography, - the phenomenon that formed under the favorable specific conditions of Russian Empire before the beginning of the 20th century. The said phenomenon can be studied in different ways: according to the existing then main trends and schools or according to their affiliation with specific universities of Russian Empire. But according to the author of this article the best way to study the issue is in accordance with the main concepts of history. And then the pre-revolutionary historiography appears as an integral scientific paradigm that turns out to be the most divaricate branch of the Lithuanian studies of the time. It created, in its turn, the most vivid and objective historical picture that can still serve as the basis for the studies of Lithuanian-Russian state.

scholarly journals Sfera symboliczna w procesach transformacyjnych krajów byłej Jugosławii. Pomniki

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Lilla Moroz-Grzelak
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liberation Struggle ◽  
Transformation Processes

The Symbolic Sphere in the Transformation Processes of the former Yugoslavia. Monuments The article focuses on the ways of treating the monumental memory of the past in the states that were established after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. These examples, which are not exhaustive, show that the process of transformation in the symbolic sphere does not create a uniform image in all countries. It oscillates between the destruction of the monuments of the past period in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also the different intensity of the events of the tragic war of the last decade of the 20th century. Breaking such a description, Serbia protects the monuments of the Yugoslavian era, while at the same time recalling the memory of the Serbian liberation struggle in the anti-Turkish uprising of 1804. The protection of the monuments of the NOB (struggle for national liberation) period in Montenegro not only proves the connection with the federal Yugoslavia, but also reflects a kind of Yugonostalgia. In turn, the monuments of this period on Macedonian territory, preserved in various states, gave way to a “flood of monuments” referring to the ancient and medieval history of this land. The changes in the monumental sphere in all countries, however, prove the willingness to justify the ideological existence of independent state entities embedded in the native tradition confirming their sovereignty.

scholarly journals The Retrospect of Modern China on Islamic Studies—Centered on People, Institutions and Their Academic Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Alimu Tuoheti
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Academic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Reform And Development

The academic history of Islam in China. It not only refers to the academic history of Chinese scholars' research on Chinese Islam, but also includes the carding of various researches and achievements of Chinese scholars on foreign Islam and Muslims. This includes the study of Islamic classics such as Koran and Hadith, History, Pedagogy, Philosophy, Politics, Society and Culture. Islam and Muslims in different regions of foreign countries also have different characteristics, and the research methods also respect this aspect of attention. On the origin of academic history: according to the author's own and previous research results, it can be concluded that academic research with contemporary significance began at the beginning of the 20th century. Under the background of the introduction of Western learning to the East, modern academic research methods also affected the research field of Islam in China. There are four imams with high academic level, such as Ha Decheng, Wang Jingzhai, Da Pusheng and Ma Songtin. There is also Chen Hanzhang, Chen Yuan and Chuan Tongxian non-Muslim scholars joining the ranks of Islamic researchers. There was little research before the 20th century. The year 2000 can be regarded as the dividing line in the evolution of modern Islamic academic history. The period from the beginning of the 20th century to the founding of new China can be regarded as the beginning period. The period from the founding of new China to the reform and development can be regarded as the initial period. During this period, due to various political movements and other reasons, China's Islamic academic history and many other fields suffered setbacks such as stagnation to varying degrees. The period from reform and development to 2000 can be regarded as the prosperous period of Islamic academic research in contemporary China. During the period from 2001 to now, the subject consciousness is clear and the research methods are diversified. Many industries and scholars have actively participated in this research field, that is, using the theories and methods of religion, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, history, philosophy, linguistics, culture, politics and other disciplines to systematically study the historical, political, economic, cultural and other phenomena of Islam and Muslims, so as to lay a foundation for the further development of China's Islamic research.

scholarly journals Review of semantic research of adverbs of place in Lithuanian

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Gintarė Judžentytė
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Semantic investigations of adverbs of place in Lithuanian started in 1653, when in the first grammar of the Lithuanian language Danielius Kleinas offered a classification of adverbs of place that consisted of four semantic groups: 1) In Loco; 2) De Loco; 3) Per Locum; 4) Ad Locum. This semantic division remained unchanged for over two centuries, i.e. 17th – 18th century.The comparative-historical method that was introduced in the 19th century influenced Lithuanian linguistics and, as a result, such figures as A. Šleicheris, the author of the first theoretical Lithuanian language grammar and F. Kuršaitis, another author of an important grammar volume focused more on the origin of adverbs (of place) rather than their semantics.The 20th century in Lithuanian linguistics had still retained some reverberations of the 19th century, the author of the first standard Lithuanian grammar J. Jablonskis still pays more attention to the origin of adverbs of place and not its meanings.The most significant semantic research of adverbs of place in this century is considered to be K. Ulvydas’ analysis in the academic “grammar of the Lithuanian language” as it was the first one to provide a comprehensive description of what an adverb is in general as well as a definition of an adverb of place. In comparison to other grammars written earlier, this work provides the most extensive semantic classification of adverbs of place; in addition, it provides a detailed account of the meanings of adverbs of place, the overlaps of those meanings, etc. Along with grammars of Lithuanian, adverbs of place were extensively investigated in other scholarly works. The most important of them is B. Forsman’s monograph “Das baltische Adverb” which, in comparison to other works devoted to Lithuanian adverbs of place, provides a detailed analysis and description of the semantics of adverbs of place in Lithuanian: 1. B. Forssman was the first one to apply the notion of space in the investigation of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to research Lithuanian adverbs of place by naming an object in relation to which the place/location is described; he was the first one to include the notion of deixis into the history of semantic research of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to distinguish the meanings of Lithuanian adverbs of place according to the manner of localisation and division of space.

A brief history of the classification and nomenclature of Odonata*

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1668 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN W.H. TRUEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

The classification of insect order Odonata is traced from Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae, through 19th and 20th century morphology-based taxonomies, to molecular phylogenies published before November, 2007. Past and present nomenclatural difficulties are reviewed and the current situation in regard to rival taxonomies is outlined. Ordinal classifications based on morphological data continue to suffer from intractable uncertainty concerning wing vein homologies between Odonata and other Pterygota, but molecular analyses may soon show where the phylogenetic tree of Odonata should be rooted. The natural classification will become much clearer once this has been achieved.

The History of Multiple Sclerosis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jock Murray
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
History Of ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Disease Modifying Agents

This chapter provides an introduction to the history of MS. It explores the observations of multiple sclerosis that were made even before the disease was more formally framed and named by Charcot in 1868. It reviews how description of the disease advanced through the 20th century, and how classification of clinical disease types, development of various tests, and the advent of magnetic resonance imaging improved diagnosis. Early attempts at therapy are discussed and contrasted with the modern disease modifying agents that were introduced in 1993.

Students With Mild Intellectual Disability at the Turn of the 20th Century in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisztina Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Mild Intellectual Disability ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Initial attempts to conceptually define intellectual disability have played a significant role in the history of education of children with intellectual disabilities. In Hungary, the definition of intellectual disability has undergone many changes, which is related to disciplinary development. Nowadays, in special education, the term “intellectual disability” refers to a complex phenomenon which is reflected, for example, in the significant variability on the level of intellectual functioning. This study focuses on a narrower area of this very complex phenomenon. It makes children with mild intellectual disability – one of the categories of people with intellectual disabilities, the subject of analysis. The research analyzes the contemporary professional terminology and classification of mild intellectual disability on the basis of primary sources. It also examines whom and according to what symptoms professionals classified as a member of this student population, taking into account the scientific conceptions at the turn of the 20th century (for the naming of children with mild intellectual disability, see pp. 19–20). In pedagogical narratives published at that time, the term “weak- talented child” was the most commonly used expression.

Reapplying the Language Tree Model to the History of Yiddish

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Beider
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Theoretical Tool ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of

Abstract The article discusses several definitions of the notion of Yiddish that exist in linguistic studies. The Germanistic approach emphasizes differences between various German and Yiddish dialects. The Judeo-Centric approach, developed during the second half of the 20th century as an alternative method to that used by the Germanistic school, puts the uninterrupted chain of languages spoken by Jews in the center of its linguistic analysis. For the representatives of this school, Yiddish is a fusion language from its inception, the process they generally posit to the period when the first Jewish communities appeared in German-speaking territories. As suggested in this article, for the adequate understanding of the development of Yiddish, several notions used by the two approaches should be combined. Only the Germanistic approach provides appropriate frames for analyzing the genesis of Yiddish according to the Language Tree model. Its (re)application shows the inadequacy of certain basic positions of the Judeo-Centric Approach. Yet, several notions introduced by the proponents of the latter method still represent a major contribution in Yiddish studies. The notion of “fusion” creates an appropriate theoretical tool for studying the development of Yiddish varieties. The consideration of the uninterrupted chain of languages spoken by Jews sheds light on factors that were invisible within the Germanistic approach. The article also suggests a classification of languages spoken by Jews useful for the analysis of their historical development.

scholarly journals Program Documents as a Source on the History of the Anarchist Movement in Ukraine in the Early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Zelentsova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Central Body ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Party Press

The article considers programs and program documents as a historical source on the history of the anarchist movement in Ukraine in the early 20th century. Without a doubt, the historical conditions prevailing in Ukraine and Russia in 1903–1914 influenced the formation and nature of sources. In particular, the absence of a central body and the denial of the movement as a whole affected the core of the source base, marked by a relatively small number of party-organizational documents with particular characteristics. The all-Russian character of anarchist activity also had an impact on the nature of sources. They were distributed in Ukraine, but their contents did not contain any references to specific activities in its territory.The article provides a classification of sources, which are divided into such groups: programs and statutes, congress resolutions, party press, activists’ memoirs and observations, private correspondence. The article describes the programs and program statements of anarchists. The specifics of the program-organizational sources of anarchists are also determined. They are characterized according to the views of anarchists on the organization itself and the party leadership. Not recognizing any organization, considering any leadership a sort of violence against an individual, anarchists advocated full autonomy and independence of groups, interaction on a federal basis.The article characterizes the programs and program statements of anarchists as a historical source. The historical value of documents is determined; their specificity is defined. The research of documents establishes ideological principles, tactics of struggle, ideas about the role of some social groups in the revolution. The studied documents allow establishing the territory of anarchist activity in Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century.

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