scholarly journals GORDS AND CITIES IN POLAND IN THE 13th CENTURY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE THEN SETTLEMENT CHANGES

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Marcin Danielewski
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Face ◽  
Settlement Changes ◽  
The City ◽  
Written Sources

The presented article revolves around an important academic issue pertaining to the spatial and chronological relations in the gords and towns of the 13th century, operating in Poland in the then Piast duchies. In the face of scarce written sources little is known about many 13th century cities, the space they occupied and the development within the city walls. To date, the issues have also been neglected by archaeologists, narrowed down to works accompanying renovations or construction investments. Archaeological research, carried out selectively and randomly, does not contribute to a better understanding of the specific 13thcentury cities. Some of the smaller cities are very poorly researched which also precludes any conclusions on urban space. Therefore, the issue of chronological and spatial relations between gords and cities has not been thoroughly surveyed and it may remain so for a long time. As part of the considerations, selected examples of gords and towns have been presented from the specific historical countries (Geater Poland, Kuyavia, the Gdansk Pomerania,Masovia, Central Poland, Lesser Poland and Silesia) to illustrate the issues in question. At the same time, attempts have been made to refer these examples to models or spatial relations including towns and older settlement as presented by Marian Rębkowski. These considerations lead to a conclusion that the gords and towns in the 13th century often operated next to each other, fulfilling different functions, at the same time complementing each other. In the future, this issue necessitates further detailed research into specific areas like fragmented principalities or the settlement-related activities on the part of the specific princes.      

scholarly journals Formation of Subcultural Entity under the Influence of Public Sphere

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya Kuzovenkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
The Public ◽  
Youth Subcultures ◽  
Long Time ◽  
New Space ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The City

The last two decades have been a time of serious transformation of youth subcultures. Researchers speak about the formation of the postmodernism paradigm of subculture and the virtualisation of sociocultural phenomena. The subcultural subject and the power that formed it continue to exist in the new realities, but are undergoing a transformation. Changes having occured to the public sphere were especially significant for a subcultural entity since it is the public sphere where a subcultural entity can present itself to authorities, thereby maintaining its social subsistence. Our research was aimed at studying how the transformation of the public sphere has affected the entity’s subculture. For the study, the authors employed the method of a qualitative half-structurated interview and draw on the disciplinary authority concept suggested by M. Foucault. The analysis was based on materials of interviewing some representatives of the graffiti subculture in the city of Samara (twenty-two people) from 2016 to 2018. The author has established that the subcultural subject is processual and dependent on the practices in use; a change in practices leads to a change in the subject. Changes of practices in the graffiti subculture were a result of the virtualisation of culture. The author has identified the changes that have taken place in the subcultural subject under the influence of the transformation of the public sphere (the ‘short time’ of instantaneous fame prevails over the ‘long time’ of the symbolic capital of the nickname, new space-time coordinates within which the entity exists, the ‘digital body’ of the subcultural entity becomes ever more informative rather than that which was created via sketches placed in urban space). Unlike the public sphere, the private sphere under the influence of a subculture ideology remains unchanged.

scholarly journals Contestations for urban space: informality and institutions of disenfranchisement in Zimbabwe—the case of Masvingo City

GeoJournal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1277-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chigwenya Average
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Global South ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
The People ◽  
The Face ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
The City

Abstract Informality has been viewed as the seedbed for economic development especially in the cities of the global South and many cities have been trying to integrate this sector for economic development. The sector has been seen as the option for economic development in cities of the global South in the face of dwindling resources for economic development. However, the development and growth of informal activities in some of these cities have been stunted by institutional reforms that have taken so long to accommodate such activities. Most of the cities have acknowledged the need to integrate informality in their economies but they have remained illusioned by the neo-liberal urbanisation policies that have kept the informal activities on the periphery of the development agenda. As a result the role of informal sector in economic development in cities of the global South has not been fully realised. The study was taken to examine the institutional impediments in the growth of informal activities in the city of Masvingo, to see how the laws and policies of the city have been applied for the integration of informal sector in the main stream economy. The research found out that there are institutionalised systems that disenfranchise the informal sector in the city of Masvingo. These institutions include the planning approach and the way the city has been practicing their planning. These two institutions have been the chief disenfranchising instruments that have denied the people in the informal sector their right to the city. The research utilised a mixed methods approach to the inquiry, where both qualitative and quantitative data were used. The research found that there is space for informal integration in the city of Masvingo, but the existing regulatory framework is stifling the growth and development of the informal sector in the city of Masvingo. There is therefore need for the city to be flexible enough to embrace the realities of the city, because informality is really the new form of urbanisation in cities of the global South.

scholarly journals RAINWATER MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN CITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF ZIGUINCHOR, SENEGAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-79
Author(s):  
Cheikh FAYE ◽  
◽  
Bouly SANÉ ◽  
Eddy Nilsone GOMIS ◽  
Sécou Omar DIÉDHIOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rainwater Management ◽  
The City

Senegalese cities are experiencing very rapid growth in terms of both spatial and demographic development, which has an impact on the management of runoff water, which is increasingly a major concern of authorities and urban populations. In these cities, public sanitation infrastructure is insufficient and unevenly distributed in urban space. The objective of this study is to characterize the problem of rainwater management in the city of Ziguinchor (southern Senegal). The methodology is based on an administration, a questionnaire submitted to 288 heads of households, and an interview guide with 13 actors who stand out in the environmental management component at the local level. The results obtained attest to a real problem of sanitation of rainwater managed in precarious conditions due to the lack of infrastructure and water management methods used by households. The infrastructural problem is a factor in the poor management of rainwater in Ziguinchor, while rainwater drainage practices do not protect the living environment of the populations. In the city of Ziguinchor, the main strategies adopted in the face of the sanitation network deficit are based on backfilling, the laying of sandbags and stones, evacuation through buckets.

scholarly journals GORODNYA – KYIV DEFENSIVE WALLS IN IX–XIII CENTURIES. PART ONE. RAMPARTS

2017 ◽  
pp. 87-105
Author(s):  
Vadym Lukyanchenko
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Reinforced Earth ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Wooden Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
Illustrative Material

The article examines the issues of structural and functional features of ground shafts as a component of defensive structures of the city of Kyiv IX – XIII centuries. Based on a detailed analysis of the scientific literature on the problem and the available written sources, materials of archaeological research, scientific and hypothetical reconstruction of urban defensive fortifications of the Slavs of a certain time, as well as the experience of reproduction of the fortifications of medieval Europe in the territory of modern Ukraine, Poland and Denmark, it is suggested to own the evolution of the earthen fortifications of.The author denies the widespread idea about the widespread development in the Ancient Rus in the ninth and thirteenth centuries defence structures, which were a complex timber structure that consisted of a reinforced earth shaft and wooden fortifications of various kinds above it. It is argued that the division of earth shaft structures into "complex" (tree-reinforced) and "simple" (non-reinforced) types are erroneous. According to the author, the reinforcement of earth shafts at the beginning of their erection was never performed. It has been concluded that, first, virtually all earthen shafts and their wooden structures, which functioned for a long time, were not preserved in their original form; second, the fortification builders of that time did not have the proper education to design and construct such structures. In the course of construction, they were guided by their own experience and circumstances; therefore, "complex shaft type structures" are not the product of a single design; they are the result of multiple repairs and remodelling of initially low timber fortifications; thirdly, the complexity of the fortifications was influenced solely by the duration of the active functioning of the monument.The article is accompanied by numerous illustrative material, including the author's reconstructions of the evolution of tree-walled defensive walls and methods of their strengthening at various stages of construction.

scholarly journals The Urban Identity of an Ural Metropolis in the Sociological Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Grunt ◽  
◽  
Ludmila Russkikh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Urban Identity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Minor Significance ◽  
Questionnaire Method ◽  
The City

The article examines the urban identity of the inhabitants of the Ural metropolis. Today, urbanisation has reached an enormous scale and speed of development, and these processes cannot but have an impact on certain changes in human life. For people to live productively, there must be some common ground, something to unite them, something to hold them together. Urban identity is the inception of unity. The study is aimed at the analysis of what city dwellers think about the existence/absence of urban identity. The study was conducted in 2018 in Yekaterinburg, which is one of the largest metropolises in the Urals; for the purpose of the research, qualitative and quantitative strategies were applied. During the study, 345 Yekaterinburg residents were enquired via the combination questionnaire method (online survey, street interview). The sampling was random. Respondents were randomly sampled from city residents born in Yekaterinburg and having resided in the city for over 20 years. The study revealed that Yekaterinburg residents recognise the existence of urban identity in the metropolis. City residents attribute major significance to local identity (47.0 % of respondents). Its indicators are the residents’ engagement with the city, the urban space, knowledge of the city’s culture, and being born in or living in the metropolis for a long time. Territorial and national identities are of minor significance in the practice of integration into urban space. The survey found that every second person surveyed thinks that ideally one should be born and grow up in Yekaterinburg, passing through all the stages of socialisation, and if they were not born, then they should live in the city for at least 10 years to be a true resident of Yekaterinburg.

The Familiar City

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-146
Author(s):  
Germaine R. Halegoua
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Mobile Navigation ◽  
Technology Users ◽  
The City

Through questionnaires administered to 210 users of navigation technologies (e.g., GPS, digital maps, and mobile navigation systems) and interviews with ten navigation technology users, chapter 3 identifies the ways that users understand their own spatial relations, conditions of and tactics for mobility, and embeddedness within urban space. One of the most common engagements with GPS is through online mapping tools and mobile navigation technologies, yet we know very little about how these technologies are incorporated into everyday life—how they shape spatial relations, influence cognitive mappings of urban space, and contribute to the formation of a sense of place. Many scholars and critics have understood digital navigation technologies as alienating, abstracting, and distancing the digital media user from place. In contrast to popular assumptions about the distracted perception of space and place encouraged by digital navigation technologies, this chapter analyzes the ways in which the exact opposite processes are observable: navigation technology users are developing wayfinding strategies that reframe their image of the city, alter perceptions and practices of mobility, and re-embed them within urban environments.

A Study on the Monumental Center of Ancient Alexandria: The Identification of the Ptolemaic Mouseion and the Urban Transformation in Late Antiquity

Klio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-287
Author(s):  
Theodoros Mavrojannis
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Achilles Tatius ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Written Sources

Summary Among the whole burden of the written sources dealing with the urban appearance of Ptolemaic and Roman Alexandria, five or six ancient authors give us precious information which could finally offer a lead to the reconstruction of the monumental center of Alexandria: 1) Strabo, 2) Diodorus, 3) Zenobius, 4) Achilles Tatius, 5) Pseudo-Libanius and 6) Pseudo-Callisthenes. Nowadays, the written testimonia concerning the historical topography of Alexandria are severely withstanding to a hypercritical treatment, to a disapproval instead of a reappraisal.Tkazcow 2013, 687: The reconstruction of the topography of the city in the Ptolemaic and Early Roman Periods was, for a long time, based exclusively on Strabo's description (sometimes supplemented with information provided by Diodorus, Polybius and Caesar); the critic is moved against Adriani 1966 and Fraser 1972, 13–34; McKenzie 2007. Yet, there is no other way to solve the puzzle of the monumental center of Ptolemaic Alexandria, but to explain the thinking behind what the ancient authors, principally Strabo, may have seen in Alexandria as eyewitnesses.

scholarly journals Une ville vue par des étudiants en mobilité. Etude discursive de l’appropriation cognitive d’un nouvel espace urbain

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Marge Käsper ◽  
Anu Treikelder
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
City Space ◽  
The Common ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Local Inhabitant

The article explores how foreign students discover and experience the space of their hosting city, as reflected by their discourse about the common landmarks and places of the urban space. Our study concerns a specific social group that is in-between a local inhabitant and a tourist staying only a short time in a city – students in the situation of mobility. To study in what ways these students talk about the city, how they position themselves in respect of its space, adopting different viewpoints, we analyze, by a series of interviews conducted with them, how their discourse reveals the process of the appropriation of the hosting space. We examine first how the cognitive appropriation process of a city space is reflected in students’ discourse in general, in what elements it appears and also how it is constructed and developed during the interview. We focus then on the answers to the question concerning a postcard representing Tartu where the discourse of students reveals the best the in-between status of the foreign students, standing between an exterior observer and an “expert” of the city. The most explicit fluctuation between the viewpoints is reflected in personal pronouns use, the more implicit ways are observed in the ways of describing the places, and in the argumentations about the discussed postcard. Furthermore, we also point out the impact of the interview as a disposal for interviewed persons to think about these spatial relations for themselves and for their perception of space in general. 

scholarly journals UNFORTIFIED SUBURBS OF OLD CHERNIHIV

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Yu. M. Sytyi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
City Development ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
New Research ◽  
The City

During its development Chernihiv underwent the several stages of formation: first the fortified parts was emerged, then the unfortified suburbs around them have appeared, which gradually grew in size and new defence lines were built. The process of urban growth has certain peculiarities and periods of its development. The events of 1239 became the boundary for the processes of city development. In this pёaper we will have a look at the directions of city growth on the territory of suburbs and beyond the fortifications of the city at the beginning of the 13th century. To a large extent, the understanding of Chernihiv suburbs depended on the time of revealing the sections of the cultural layer, their dating and location relative to the previously revealed sections of the suburb. The materials of archaeological research on the outskirts of Chernihiv are analyzed in the paper. The fortifications formed at the beginning of the 13th century covered 350 hectares of territory. According to the results of excavations the cultural layer of Kyiv Rus time was revealed outside the fortifications of Chernihiv. There are several sections of the cultural layer in the Desna River floodplain which should be considered as the traces of lower city development but not as separate rural settlements. Prior to the appearance of the fortifications, suburbs on the terrace of Desna were formed to the north, east and west of the fortifications of the surrounding city. Outside the suburbs, some items, cultural layer areas and numerous settlements were discovered. The paper makes an attempt to analyze the identified materials and to determine the boundaries of unfortified suburbs of Chernihiv. New research of the lower city of Chernihiv increased its area from 50 hectares (in 1984) to over 100 hectares (in 2019). In the middle of the 13th century Chernihiv occupied the area of more than 450 ha in total.

scholarly journals Formation of the image of urban space in the visual arts as a means of pedagogical reception in architectural education

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Ирина Владимировна Зыбина
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Uniform Background ◽  
Visual Organization ◽  
The City

В городском пейзаже важной характеристикой является понятие «образ города» как проявление духовной сущности материального городского пространства, выражение общих черт и уникальных особенностей, отражение исторической и культурной памяти, этнокультурной идентичности, присущих городам. Изучение эволюции образа города в изобразительном искусстве позволяет выявить представления о ценностях, эстетических категориях, социальных нормах определенного исторического периода, тенденции в развитии городских пространств. При обсуждении конструкции города по типам элементов в общегородском масштабе выделяются: районы, границы, дороги, узлы, ориентиры. Однако "только во взаимосвязанности частей в единое целое пути могут раскрыть последовательность и характер районов и связать различные узлы; Узлы соединят и очертят пути, границы охватят районы, а ориентиры обозначат центры активности”. Полная проработка всех этих звеньев с помощью света способна связать их в целостный ночной образ, ибо ориентир обладает достаточной силой, если он виден с большого расстояния и в течение  долгого времени; если, опираясь на него, можно установить собственную локализацию; узлы, как концептуальные опоры образа городов, которая может поддерживаться специфическим устойчивым освещением (применение ритмической световой инсталляции при визуальной организации  узлов предоставляет такую специфическую особенность в ночное время, что делает его более четким); четкие пределы позволяют легче распознавать узлы; районы города как однородные по характеру территории лучше воспринимаются при организации однородного фонового освещения. In the urban landscape, an important characteristic is the concept of the "image of the city" as a manifestation of the spiritual essence of the material urban space, the expression of common features and unique features, the reflection of historical and cultural memory, ethno-cultural identity inherent in cities. The study of the evolution of the image of the city in the visual arts allows us to identify ideas about values, aesthetic categories, social norms of a certain historical period, trends in the development of urban spaces. When discussing the construction of a city by the types of elements on a citywide scale, the following are distinguished: districts, borders, roads, nodes, landmarks. However, " only in the interconnectedness of the parts into a single whole, the paths can reveal the sequence and character of the districts and connect various nodes; The nodes will connect and outline the paths, the boundaries will cover the districts, and the landmarks will indicate the centers of activity.” A complete study of all these links with the help of light is able to link them into a complete night image, because the landmark has sufficient strength if it is visible from a long distance and for a long time; if, relying on it, you can establish your own localization; nodes as conceptual supports of the image of cities, which can be supported by specific stable lighting (the use of a rhythmic light installation in the visual organization of nodes provides such a specific feature at night, which makes it clearer); clear limits make it easier to recognize nodes; city districts as homogeneous in the nature of the territory are better perceived when organizing uniform background lighting.

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