On the role of conflict in the evolutionary process

2016 ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
V.I. Bol’shakov ◽  
◽  
Yu.I. Dubrov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process

scholarly journals The role of diversity and tolerance in economic development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Witold Kwasnicki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Industry Development ◽  
Radical Innovations ◽  
Long Run

AbstractThis paper presents an evolutionary model of industry development, and uses simulations to investigation the role of diversity and heterogeneity in firms’ behaviour, and hence industrial development. The simulations suggest that economic growth is increased with greater variety, in the sense of the evolutionary process approaching the equilibrium faster and also, in the long run, moving faster from one equilibrium to a new, more advanced, equilibrium. This occurs due to higher variety caused by a more tolerant environment, and due to the higher probability of emergence of radical innovations.

Hybrid crinoids in the fossil record (Early Mississippian, Phylum Echinodermata)

Paleobiology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
William I. Ausich ◽  
David L. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Parent Species ◽  
Probable Explanation ◽  
South Central ◽  
Most Probable Explanation ◽  
The Impact

Potential hybrid fossil crinoids, Eretmocrinus magnificus x Eretmocrinus praegravis, are identified from the Lower Mississippian Fort Payne Formation of south-central Kentucky. These are the first fossil hybrid crinoids identified, and one of very few examples of hybrids recognized in the fossil record. Eretmocrinus magnificus x E. praegravis specimens have shapes and calyx plate sculpturing that are morphologically intermediate between well-defined, distinct parent species. Suspected hybrids occur at localities where parent species co-occur and where the parent species are the most abundant; the hybrids occur at what may have been the distributional margins of the parent species; and the mixture of characters on suspected hybrids seems to be morphogenetically partitioned. Parent species are derived from separate lineages within Eretmocrinus, and hybridization is the most probable explanation for these morphologically intermediate specimens. This example highlights the need to consider hybridization as a potential interpretation of intermediate morphologies among fossils and raises questions concerning the impact of hybridization for our interpretation of the fossil record and the role of hybridization in the evolutionary process.

scholarly journals Biochemical and genetic analysis of the role of the viral polymerase in enterovirus recombination

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (14) ◽  
pp. 6883-6895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Woodman ◽  
Jamie J. Arnold ◽  
Craig E. Cameron ◽  
David J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Biochemical Assay ◽  
Strand Transfer ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Polymerase Fidelity

Abstract Genetic recombination in single-strand, positive-sense RNA viruses is a poorly understand mechanism responsible for generating extensive genetic change and novel phenotypes. By moving a critical cis-acting replication element (CRE) from the polyprotein coding region to the 3′ non-coding region we have further developed a cell-based assay (the 3′CRE-REP assay) to yield recombinants throughout the non-structural coding region of poliovirus from dually transfected cells. We have additionally developed a defined biochemical assay in which the only protein present is the poliovirus RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which recapitulates the strand transfer events of the recombination process. We have used both assays to investigate the role of the polymerase fidelity and nucleotide turnover rates in recombination. Our results, of both poliovirus intertypic and intratypic recombination in the CRE-REP assay and using a range of polymerase variants in the biochemical assay, demonstrate that RdRp fidelity is a fundamental determinant of recombination frequency. High fidelity polymerases exhibit reduced recombination and low fidelity polymerases exhibit increased recombination in both assays. These studies provide the basis for the analysis of poliovirus recombination throughout the non-structural region of the virus genome and provide a defined biochemical assay to further dissect this important evolutionary process.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Spike Affinity and Dynamics Exclude the Strict Requirement of an Intermediate Host

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Castelli ◽  
Luigi Scietti ◽  
Nicola Clementi ◽  
Mattia Cavallaro ◽  
Silvia Faravelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Rhinolophus Affinis ◽  
Strict Requirement ◽  
Spike Dynamics

SARS-CoV-2 proximal origin is still unclear, limiting the possibility of foreseeing other spillover events with pandemic potential. Here we propose an evolutionary model based on the thorough dissection of SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 - the closest bat ancestor - spike dynamics, kinetics and binding to ACE2. Our results indicate that both spikes share nearly identical, high affinities for Rhinolophus affinis bat and human ACE2, pointing out to negligible species barriers directly related to receptor binding. Also, SARS-CoV-2 spike shows a higher degree of dynamics and kinetics optimization that favors ACE2 engagement. Therefore, we devise an affinity-independent evolutionary process that likely took place in R. affinis bats and limits the eventual involvement of other animal species in initiating the pandemic to the role of vector.

scholarly journals Francisco Gutierrez and Gerd Schonwalder (eds.) Economic Liberalisation and Political Violence—Utopia or Dystopia? 2010. International Development Research Centre Canada (IDRC). Canada: Pluto Press. 355 pages. US$35.00.

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-263
Author(s):  
Laila Sohail
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
First Century ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
International Development Research Centre ◽  
The One

No debate is as engaging in the twenty-first century, as the one surrounding the phenomenon of globalisation. Economists, political scientists public policy experts, and specialists from a range of diverse disciplines are attracted to analyse this phenomenon and apply it to the world around them. The analysts are generally divided in two camps—those who praise globalisation as an evolutionary process leading to peace and prosperity, and those for whom globalisation is a curse instigating violence and conflict by undermining the role of the State and adversely affecting democracy.

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cognitive Radio Networks

2019 ◽  
pp. 258-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Singhal ◽  
Shashank Gupta ◽  
Adwitiya Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Cognitive Radio Networks ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Radio Spectrum ◽  
Radio Networks ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Wireless Medium ◽  
Computing Machines

The role of artificial intelligence techniques and its impact in context of cognitive radio networks has become immeasurable. Artificial intelligence redefines and empowers the decision making and logical capability of computing machines through the evolutionary process of leaning, adapting, and upgrading its knowledge bank accordingly. Significant functionalities of artificial intelligence include sensing, collaborating, learning, evolving, training, dataset, and performing tasks. Cognitive radio enables learning and evolving through contextual data perceived from its immediate surrounding. Cognitive science aims at acquiring knowledge by observing and recording externalities of environment. It allows self-programming and self-learning with added intelligence and enhanced communicational capabilities over wireless medium. Equipped with cognitive technology, the vision of artificial intelligence gets broadened towards optimizing usage of radio spectrum by accessing spectrum availability, thereby reducing channel interferences while communication among licensed and non-licensed users.

scholarly journals The Role of Elision in Evolutionary Processes

Languages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
María Azofra Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Category Membership ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Theoretical Overview

Changes by elision—as well as those due to processes of adfunctionalization or refunctionalization—must be taken into account as explanatory mechanisms of linguistic change. In this paper, we study the role of elision in the theoretical overview of explanatory theories of language change by focusing on the evolutionary process of the Spanish adverb aparte. We analyze the consequences of the elision of an initial construction for the development of new functions as an exceptive or additive adverb, and as an additive connector with a specific meaning, conditioned by the evolution of the entire construction. We find that, in this case, the ellipsis of a verbal element has led to important modifications of the preserved item (aparte), not only at the semantic-pragmatic and functional levels but also in its category membership.

How Not to Use Evolutionary Theory in Politics: A Critique of Peter John

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Dowding
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Evolutionary Account ◽  
The Social ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Poll Tax

In a recent issue of this journal Peter John (1999) suggests we can use an evolutionary account to explain policy change. In particular he suggests we should see the battle of ideas about policy formation as an evolutionary process and gives as an example the introduction and abolition of the poll tax. John is correct in two claims in his article. First, traditional models of policy-generation tend to ignore the role of ideas, concentrating attention upon the bargaining and power struggles between different sets of competing interests. Secondly, he is right that evolutionary explanation has a place in the social sciences. But these two thoughts are best kept apart and the way he packages them suggests a poor understanding of evolutionary explanation and of the role ideas may play within it. There are at least three problems with his account. First, the object at which he directs explanation —in his example the poll tax—is misspecified. Secondly, he fails to specify a mechanism for the natural selection of ideas, leaving his claim about the promise of evolutionary accounts vague and unsatisfactory. Finally, he fails to distinguish learning as an intentional process from selection as an evolutionary one.

scholarly journals Retroposed New Genes Out of the X in Drosophila

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1854-1859
Author(s):  
Esther Betrán ◽  
Kevin Thornton ◽  
Manyuan Long
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Significant Excess ◽  
Link Type ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Asymmetric Pattern ◽  
Unpublished Information

New genes that originated by various molecular mechanisms are an essential component in understanding the evolution of genetic systems. We investigated the pattern of origin of the genes created by retroposition in Drosophila. We surveyed the wholeDrosophila melanogaster genome for such new retrogenes and experimentally analyzed their functionality and evolutionary process. These retrogenes, functional as revealed by the analysis of expression, substitution, and population genetics, show a surprisingly asymmetric pattern in their origin. There is a significant excess of retrogenes that originate from the X chromosome and retropose to autosomes; new genes retroposed from autosomes are scarce. Further, we found that most of these X-derived autosomal retrogenes had evolved a testis expression pattern. These observations may be explained by natural selection favoring those new retrogenes that moved to autosomes and avoided the spermatogenesis X inactivation, and suggest the important role of genome position for the origin of new genes.[The sequence data from this study have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. AY150701–AY150797. The following individuals kindly provided reagents, samples, or unpublished information as indicated in the paper: M.-L. Wu, F. Lemeunier, and P. Gibert.]

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