Simulation of Dose Estimations from Solar Protons: A PMMA-Bi2O3 Shielding Model for Space Exploration

Adverse effects of long-term exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) pose a non negligible obstacle for future space exploration programs; the high-LET-particle-rich environment has an adverse effect on human health. Concomitant to GCR we have as well solar particle radiation. Long term space exploration will rely on adequate and highly efficient shielding materials that will reduce exposure of both biosystems and electronic equipment to GCR and solar particles. The shield must attenuate efficiently heavy GCR ions, by breaking them up into less-damaging fragments and secondary radiation: biologically damaging energetic neutrons and highly charged and energetic HZE- particles. An approach to this problem is the development of shielding compounds. Shielding materials should address the conditions of different aspects of a given mission, e.g. time duration and travel path. The Monte Carlo method (GEANT4) is here employed to estimate the effects of a shielding material based on the recently developed Bi2O3-based compound (Cao et al., 2020). In the present study GEANT4 code is used to make estimations of attenuation of solar protons. The objective is to provide some insight about the effect of the new composite shield that has an intrinsic capability for dose reduction.

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Sustaining Space Exploration over the Long Term

57th International Astronautical Congress ◽

10.2514/6.iac-06-e3.1.b.03 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peggy Finarelli ◽

Ian Pryke

Keyword(s):

Space Exploration

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Using supraglottic airways by paramedics for airway management in analogue microgravity increases speed and success of ventilation

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88008-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jochen Hinkelbein ◽

Anton Ahlbäck ◽

Christine Antwerber ◽

Lisa Dauth ◽

James DuCanto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Airway Management ◽

Success Rate ◽

Simulated Microgravity ◽

Laryngeal Tube ◽

Space Missions ◽

Airway Device ◽

Future Space ◽

Secondary Endpoints ◽

Present Trial

AbstractIn the next few years, the number of long-term space missions will significantly increase. Providing safe concepts for emergencies including airway management will be a highly challenging task. The aim of the present trial is to compare different airway management devices in simulated microgravity using a free-floating underwater scenario. Five different devices for airway management [laryngeal mask (LM), laryngeal tube (LT), I-GEL, direct laryngoscopy (DL), and video laryngoscopy (VL)] were compared by n = 20 paramedics holding a diving certificate in a randomized cross-over setting both under free-floating conditions in a submerged setting (pool, microgravity) and on ground (normogravity). The primary endpoint was the successful placement of the airway device. The secondary endpoints were the number of attempts and the time to ventilation. A total of 20 paramedics (3 female, 17 male) participated in this study. Success rate was highest for LM and LT and was 100% both during simulated microgravity and normogravity followed by the I-GEL (90% during microgravity and 95% during normogravity). However, the success rate was less for both DL (60% vs. 95%) and VL (20% vs. 60%). Fastest ventilation was performed with the LT both in normogravity (13.7 ± 5.3 s; n = 20) and microgravity (19.5 ± 6.1 s; n = 20). For the comparison of normogravity and microgravity, time to ventilation was shorter for all devices on the ground (normogravity) as compared underwater (microgravity). In the present study, airway management with supraglottic airways and laryngoscopy was shown to be feasible. Concerning the success rate and time to ventilation, the optimum were supraglottic airways (LT, LM, I-GEL) as their placement was faster and associated with a higher success rate. For future space missions, the use of supraglottic airways for airway management seems to be more promising as compared to tracheal intubation by DL or VL.

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Electrical Power Requirements for Future Space Exploration

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science ◽

10.1109/tns.1965.4323513 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 189-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. H. Wood ◽

R. I. Vachon ◽

R. N. Seitz

Keyword(s):

Space Exploration ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Future Space

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Technologies for creating radiation-resistant VLSI

Modeling of systems and processes ◽

10.12737/2219-0767-2021-14-3-16-22 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 16-22

Author(s):

I. Zhuravleva ◽

Elena Popova

Keyword(s):

Cmos Technology ◽

Space Structures ◽

Oxygen Ions ◽

Change Of State ◽

Future Space ◽

Space Programs ◽

Radiation Resistant ◽

Cmos Vlsi ◽

Ic Technology

The technology of radiation-resistant CMOS VLSI is based on industrial IC technology. The design uses feedback circuits and guard rings to compensate for single effects of cosmic particles (SEE). In most critical cases, these influences in digital circuits lead to single faults (SEU), which temporarily disrupt the state of memory cells, to latching (SEL), and in the long term to a catastrophic change of state. Various space programs confirm great prospects for their use in future space structures. The article discusses the effects of using radiation-resistant CMOS technology, technology based on a silicon-on-sapphire structure, CMOS technology on an insulating substrate taking into account typical characteristics, SIMOX-SOI technology, which consists in separation by implantation of oxygen ions. In new designs of circuits, more advanced algorithms should be implemented for the future.

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Application of the Monte Carlo Method for the Assessment of Long-term Success in Keratoprosthesis Surgery

Journal of Theoretical Medicine ◽

10.1080/1027366021000041386 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 183-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. Hitzl ◽

G. Grabner

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Visual Acuity ◽

Survival Analysis ◽

Monte Carlo Method ◽

Surgical Techniques ◽

Distribution Functions ◽

Time Interval ◽

Specific Method ◽

The Monte Carlo Method

The comparison of different methods of keratoprosthesis (KP) regarding their long-term success, as far as visual acuity is concerned, is difficult: this is the case both as a standardized reporting method agreed upon by all research groups has not been reported and far less accepted, and as the quality of life for the patient not only depends on the level of visual acuity, but also quite significantly on the “survival time” of the implant. Therefore, an analysis of a single series of patients with Osteo–Odonto–Keratoprosthesis (OOKP) was performed. Statistical analysis methods used by others in similar groups of surgical procedures have included descriptive statistics, survival analysis and ANOVA. These methods comprised comparisons of empirical densities or distribution functions and empirical survival curves. It is the objective of this paper to provide an inductive statistical method to avoid the problems with descriptive techniques and survival analysis. This statistical model meets four important standards: (1) the efficiency of a surgical technique can be assessed within an arbitrary time interval by a new index (VAT-index), (2) possible autocorrelations of the data are taken into consideration and (3) the efficiency is not only stated by a point estimator, but also 95% point-wise confidence limits are computed based on the Monte Carlo method, and finally, (4) the efficiency of a specific method is illustrated by line and range plots for quick illustration and can also be used for the comparison of different other surgical techniques such as refractive techniques, glaucoma and retinal surgery.

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Remote Laser Induced Fluorescence of Soils and Rocks

Photonics ◽

10.3390/photonics8100411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 411

Author(s):

Vasily N. Lednev ◽

Alexey F. Bunkin ◽

Sergey M. Pershin ◽

Mikhail Ya. Grishin ◽

Diana G. Artemova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽

Fluorescence Spectra ◽

Space Exploration ◽

Laser Induced Fluorescence ◽

Excitation Wavelength ◽

Extraterrestrial Life ◽

Future Space ◽

Lidar Sensing ◽

First Time ◽

Different Soils

The laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy was systematically utilized for remote sensing of different soils and rocks for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy measurements were carried out by the developed nanosecond LIDAR instrument with variable excitation wavelength (355, 532 and 1064 nm). LIDAR sensing of different Brazil soil samples have been carried out in order to construct a spectral database. The laser induced fluorescence spectra interpretation for different samples has been discussed in detail. The perspectives of LIDAR sensing of organic samples deposited at soils and rock have been discussed including future space exploration missions in the search for extraterrestrial life.

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Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Cereal Yield in Sudan

Management and Economics Research Journal ◽

10.18639/merj.2019.740622 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Ibrahim A. Onour ◽

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Cointegration Analysis ◽

Short Term ◽

Time Duration ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Research Findings ◽

Bound Test

To estimate the long-term effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission on cereal yield in Sudan, we employed an autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) bound test for cointegration analysis. The ARDL results reveal evidence of cointegration between the dependent variable (cereals yield) and two independent variables (CO2 emission) and agricultural GDP. The estimation results of the error correction model indicate that change in CO2 has a positive and significant impact on the cereal yield in the long and short terms, as 1% increase in CO2 leads to a cereal yield increase by 3% in the short term and by 0.7% in the long term. This result adds two important findings to the existing literature: First, the positive impact of CO2 on cereal yield in Sudan supports previous research findings in other countries of warm and arid climates. Second, the effect of CO2 on cereal yield differs from short to long term, as our finding indicates that CO2 has a greater positive effect in the short term compared to that in the long term, implying that the effect of CO2 on cereal yields is not linear, as commonly perceived, but it decreases as time duration extends to longer periods. This may be due to the CO2 effect on global warming that emanates from cumulative CO2 concentration, which leaves a disproportionate impact on crops over time.

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Anaesthesia in austere environments: literature review and considerations for future space exploration missions

npj Microgravity ◽

10.1038/s41526-018-0039-y ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Matthieu Komorowski ◽

Sarah Fleming ◽

Mala Mawkin ◽

Jochen Hinkelbein

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Space Exploration ◽

Future Space ◽

Austere Environments

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Recent progress on the Chinese space programme and radiation research

Annals of the ICRP ◽

10.1177/0146645320940828 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 213-216

Author(s):

G. Zhou ◽

W. Hu ◽

H. Pei ◽

H. Chen ◽

T.K. Hei

Keyword(s):

Space Exploration ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Space Station ◽

Space Radiation ◽

Alpha Particles ◽

Assessment System ◽

Substantial Progress ◽

Potential Strategy ◽

Radiation Research

Manned space exploration was initiated in China in 1992, and substantial progress has been made. The next step is to build the Chinese Space Station (CSS), which is planned to be launched in 2020. The CSS will provide an on-orbit laboratory for experimental studies including space radiation research. The health risk of space radiation, especially carcinogenesis, is a major concern for long-term space exploration. Establishing a risk assessment system suitable for Chinese astronauts and developing effective countermeasures are major tasks for Chinese space radiobiologists. The Institute of Space Life Sciences, Soochow University has focused on these topics for years. We established cancer models with low-dose-rate exposure of alpha particles, and elucidated a microRNA-TGFβ network regulating bystander effects and a lncRNA-cytoskeleton network regulating genomic instability induced by ionising radiation. We also confirmed the radioresistance of quiescent cells, which inspires a potential strategy to improve individual radioresistance during long-term space travel. However, we believe that a multi-disciplinary strategy must be developed to protect astronauts from highly energised space radiation.

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