scholarly journals Reported Polio cases in Pakistan during 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 3693-3696
Author(s):  
Tauseef Ahmad ◽  
Haroon Haroon ◽  
Taha Hussein Musa ◽  
Muhammad Khan ◽  
Mukhtiar Baig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Eradicate Polio

This report describes polio cases, vaccination uncertainty and challenges, and the way forward to eradicate polio from Pakistan. Numerous articles, government and non-government documents, and survey reports were studied and an online search was made to collect information on polio in Pakistan. Once again the polio vaccination program has been stopped and accused by the local community in Pakistan as a result an increase has been seen in polio cases in the last year. In 2019, a total of 117 wild poliovirus (WPV) and 18 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) cases were reported from the country. The majority of cases were from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province as a result of polio vaccination uncertainty and many challenges faced by the vaccination program in the region. Pakistan reported their highest annual number of WPV cases as compared to last few years. This increase is not only an alarming threat for the country but also a key challenge for the global polio eradication movement. Increase awareness and raising immunization to over 100% in some areas especially in the remote area where every year many children missed vaccination to achieve global polio eradication goals.  

scholarly journals Status of oral polio vaccination program for international travellers and its determinants: an experience from a designated centre of West Bengal

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1223
Author(s):  
Manisha Sarkar ◽  
Urmila Dasgupta ◽  
Saikat Bhattacharya ◽  
Krishna Das Bhattacharyya ◽  
Salil Kumar Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccine ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polio Vaccination

Background: In order to maintain the polio free status of India, it is vital to monitor the ongoing oral polio vaccination for international travellers. The aim of the study was to determine the status of oral polio vaccination program for international travellers from India to polio infected countries and to find out the determinants of deviation from proposed guidelines. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 101 International travellers from November 2014 to April 2015 at a designated Polio vaccination centre for international travellers in Kolkata. A pre-designed pre-tested schedule was used to collect oral polio vaccination related details. The travellers who gave consent were eligible for the study. Data was expressed in terms of mean, median, standard deviation etc. Association between variables was tested by Chi square test. Results: 32.7% of the travellers had inadequate gap between OPV & travel. Knowledge of gap between OPV and travel was perceived more from health centres and travel agencies than mass media. Inadequate gap was more among lower age group, males, those with information source as mass media, official purpose of visit, those with incorrect knowledge regarding the gap requirement and those who maintained at least four weeks gap between OPV and yellow fever vaccine. Conclusions: Wrong information from the source is responsible for wrong knowledge among the travellers which leads to inadequate gap between OPV and travel. It is crucial to increase awareness among the vaccinators and international travellers in order to contribute towards global polio eradication. 

The polio endgame: rationale behind the change in immunisation

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Garon ◽  
Manish Patel
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Global Coordination ◽  
Eradicate Polio

The decades long effort to eradicate polio is nearing the final stages and oral polio vaccine (OPV) is much to thank for this success. As cases of wild poliovirus continue to dwindle, cases of paralysis associated with OPV itself have become a concern. As type-2 poliovirus (one of three) has been certified eradicated and a large proportion of OPV-related paralysis is caused by the type-2 component of OPV, the World Health Assembly endorsed the phased withdrawal of OPV and the introduction of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) into routine immunisation schedules as a crucial step in the polio endgame plan. The rapid pace of IPV scale-up and uptake required adequate supply, planning, advocacy, training and operational readiness. Similarly, the synchronised switch from trivalent OPV (all three types) to bivalent OPV (types 1 and 3) involved an unprecedented level of global coordination and country commitment. The important shift in vaccination policy seen through global IPV introduction and OPV withdrawal represents an historical milestone reached in the polio eradication effort.

Polio vaccination, political authority and the Nigerian state

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha P. Renne
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
International Ngos ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Vaccination campaigns rely on the political authority of the state to carry out public health programs for the benefit of its citizens. In sub-Saharan Africa where vaccination programs were introduced by health officials during colonial rule, subsequent postcolonial programs, such as interventions which focus on a single disease and are supported mainly by western international NGOs, may be viewed with suspicion by some. Rather than strengthening state control of its citizens, vaccination campaigns such as the Global Polio Eradication Initiative as implemented in northern Nigeria, may undermine state authority and control. With its initial focus on polio vaccination rather than on childhood diseases which parents considered more life-threatening, the initiative highlighted the federal government’s failure to provide basic primary health care. That the GPEI was funded by western international NGOs also led some Muslim parents, religious leaders, and medical professionals to question the safety of the oral polio vaccine and to refuse vaccination for their children. However, in 2013 their actions have been tempered by programs providing monetary awards to state governments and foodstuffs to cooperating mothers and in September 2015, WHO announced the interruption of wild poliovirus in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics of Poliomyelitis during the 21st century (2000-2013)

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Tahir Ahmad ◽  
Sania Arif ◽  
Nazia Chaudry ◽  
Sadia Anjum
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Eighteenth Dynasty ◽  
Distinct Disease ◽  
Eradicate Polio ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

<p>Poliovirus is the pathogenic agent of paralytic poliomyelitis that belongs to the picornaviridae family. Poliomyelitis has an extended history dating over to the Egyptian eighteenth dynasty. It was recognized as distinct disease in the late nineteenth century when the world was ravaged by large number of outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. Paralytic Polio, the rarest but the most severe form of the disease, is characterized by acute flaccid paralysis of any or rarely both of the limbs. Increasing epidemics during the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries lead to the initiation of a worldwide global effort for polio eradication in 1988, super headed by WHO and various other organizations. The launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative together with the introduction of two polio vaccines resulted in 99% reduction of wild poliovirus cases worldwide while the total number of polio-endemic countries dropped from 24 countries in the year 2000 to only three countries in 2012; Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. This review will focus on the general biology of poliovirus, some historic and geographic epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis eradication during the year 2000-2012 and also on the major failing factors associated with the efficiency of the vaccines to eradicate polio in Pakistan.</p>

scholarly journals Epidemiology of the silent polio outbreak in Rahat, Israel, based on modeling of environmental surveillance data

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (45) ◽  
pp. E10625-E10633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F. Brouwer ◽  
Joseph N. S. Eisenberg ◽  
Connor D. Pomeroy ◽  
Lester M. Shulman ◽  
Musa Hindiyeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccination

Israel experienced an outbreak of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) in 2013–2014, detected through environmental surveillance of the sewage system. No cases of acute flaccid paralysis were reported, and the epidemic subsided after a bivalent oral polio vaccination (bOPV) campaign. As we approach global eradication, polio will increasingly be detected only through environmental surveillance. We developed a framework to convert quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) cycle threshold data into scaled WPV1 and OPV1 concentrations for inference within a deterministic, compartmental infectious disease transmission model. We used this approach to estimate the epidemic curve and transmission dynamics, as well as assess alternate vaccination scenarios. Our analysis estimates the outbreak peaked in late June, much earlier than previous estimates derived from analysis of stool samples, although the exact epidemic trajectory remains uncertain. We estimate the basic reproduction number was 1.62 (95% CI 1.04–2.02). Model estimates indicate that 59% (95% CI 9–77%) of susceptible individuals (primarily children under 10 years old) were infected with WPV1 over a little more than six months, mostly before the vaccination campaign onset, and that the vaccination campaign averted 10% (95% CI 1–24%) of WPV1 infections. As we approach global polio eradication, environmental monitoring with qPCR can be used as a highly sensitive method to enhance disease surveillance. Our analytic approach brings public health relevance to environmental data that, if systematically collected, can guide eradication efforts.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Poliomyelitis during the 21st century (2000-2013)

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Tahir Ahmad ◽  
Sania Arif ◽  
Nazia Chaudry ◽  
Sadia Anjum
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Eighteenth Dynasty ◽  
Distinct Disease ◽  
Eradicate Polio ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

<p>Poliovirus is the pathogenic agent of paralytic poliomyelitis that belongs to the picornaviridae family. Poliomyelitis has an extended history dating over to the Egyptian eighteenth dynasty. It was recognized as distinct disease in the late nineteenth century when the world was ravaged by large number of outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. Paralytic Polio, the rarest but the most severe form of the disease, is characterized by acute flaccid paralysis of any or rarely both of the limbs. Increasing epidemics during the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries lead to the initiation of a worldwide global effort for polio eradication in 1988, super headed by WHO and various other organizations. The launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative together with the introduction of two polio vaccines resulted in 99% reduction of wild poliovirus cases worldwide while the total number of polio-endemic countries dropped from 24 countries in the year 2000 to only three countries in 2012; Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. This review will focus on the general biology of poliovirus, some historic and geographic epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis eradication during the year 2000-2012 and also on the major failing factors associated with the efficiency of the vaccines to eradicate polio in Pakistan.</p>

scholarly journals A Collaborative Initiative to Strengthen Sustainable Public Health Capacity for Polio Eradication and Routine Immunization Activities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

10.2196/14664 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. e14664
Author(s):  
Magid Al Gunaid ◽  
Faris Lami ◽  
Najwa Jarour
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Eradicate Polio ◽  
And Control

The many challenges in the Eastern Mediterranean region put the involved countries at risk of polio transmission and affect their ability to meet progress targets in eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases. The Global Health Development (GHD) and Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET) are working together on the project “Strengthening sustainable public health capacity in the Eastern Mediterranean region for polio eradication and routine immunization activities” with an overall goal of improving routine immunization, eradicating poliovirus, and controlling/eliminating or eradicating other vaccine-preventable diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the project and the achievements of GHD/EMPHNET over the last 3 years (2016-2018) to build effective surveillance and immunization systems in the Eastern Mediterranean region through the development of a sustainable and competent public health system to eradicate polio and control/eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases. This project assists the targeted Eastern Mediterranean region countries to build effective surveillance and immunization systems in an effort to expand their capacities to eradicate polio and control/eliminate other vaccine-preventable diseases. The project is streamlined with the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Strategic Framework for Global Immunization 2016-2020, and the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018. The project also supports the Global Health Security Agenda by focusing on efforts to accelerate progress toward a world safe and secure from infectious disease threats. Project activities were designed to respond to countries’ needs and assist them in building their institutional and workforce capacity to effectively plan, implement, and evaluate activities to eradicate polio and strengthen routine immunization activities. The project activities covered a set of areas including surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis and other vaccine-preventable diseases, family and community engagement, workforce capacity building, improvement of data quality, management and use of information systems, use of polio assets to control/eliminate other vaccine-preventable diseases, support of countries to develop national strategies, piloting of innovative initiatives, program evaluation and accountability, and immunization strengthening. The project adopts the Global Polio Eradication Initiative strategies for assisting countries to strengthen routine immunization services, maintain highly sensitive acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, and sustain polio eradication functions.

scholarly journals Post-polio eradication: vaccination strategies and options for India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayakrishnan Thayyil ◽  
Thejus Jayakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
International Health ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Health Organization

In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis globally. Since then, the initiative has reported dramatic progress in decreasing the incidence of poliomyelitis and limiting the geographical extent of transmission. 2013 is recorded as the second consecutive year not reporting wild poliovirus (WPV) from India. If the country can retain this position for one more year India will be declared as polio eradicated. What should be the future vaccination strategies? We searched and reviewed the full text of the available published literature on polio eradication via PubMed and examined Internet sources and websites of major international health agencies. The oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been the main tool in the polio eradication program. Once WPV transmission is interrupted, the poliomyelitis will be caused only by OPV. India could expect 1 vaccine-associated paralytic polio per 4.2-4.6 million doses of OPV. Considering the threat of vaccine-derived viruses to polio eradication, WHO urged to develop a strategy to safely discontinue OPV after certification. The ultimate aim is to stop OPV safely and effectively, and eventually substitute with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). The argument against the use of IPV is its cost. From India, field based data were available on the efficacy of IPV, which was better than OPV. IPV given intradermally resulted in seroconversion rates similar to full-dose intramuscular vaccine. The incremental cost of adopting IPV to replace OPV is relatively low, about US $1 per child per year, and most countries should be able to afford this additional cost.

Polio Eradication—Within Our Reach?

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
David Besanko ◽  
Sarah Gillis ◽  
Sisi Shen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Global Public Good ◽  
List Type ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

The years 2011, 2012, and 2013 witnessed both significant developments and setbacks in global polio eradication efforts. On the positive side, January 13, 2012, marked a full year since India had detected a case of wild poliovirus. On the negative side, polio continued to be endemic in three countries-Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria-and in those countries the goal of eliminating polio seemed more challenging than ever. Between December 2012 and January 2013, sixteen polio workers were killed in Pakistan, and in February 2013, nine women vaccinating children against polio in Kano, Nigeria, were shot dead by gunmen suspected of belonging to a radical Islamist sect. In addition, after a 95 percent decline in polio cases in 2010, the number of cases in Nigeria rebounded in 2011. Recognizing that polio was unlikely to be eliminated in these countries in the near term, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative moved its target date for eradication from 2013 to 2018.These setbacks sparked a debate about the appropriate strategy for global eradication of polio. Indeed, some experts believed that recent setbacks were not caused by poor management but were instead the result of epidemiological characteristics and preconditions that might render polio eradication unachievable. These experts argued that global health efforts should focus on the control or elimination of polio rather than on the eradication of the disease.This case presents an overview of polio and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative and recounts the successful effort to eradicate smallpox. The case enables a rich discussion of the current global strategy to eradicate polio, as well as the issue of whether eradication is the appropriate global public health objective. More generally, the case provides a concrete example of a particular type of global public good, namely infectious disease eradication.After analyzing and discussing the case, students will be able to: Understand the nature of a global public good Perform a back-of-the-envelope benefit-cost analysis of polio eradication Discuss the appropriate strategy for eradicating an infectious disease Apply game theory to analyzing which countries would be likely to contribute funds toward global polio eradication Discuss the role of private organizations in the provision of global public goods

scholarly journals Human enterovirus surveillance in the Slovak Republic from 2001 to 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
pp. 2658-2662 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. KLEMENT ◽  
R. KISSOVA ◽  
V. LENGYELOVA ◽  
D. STIPALOVA ◽  
Z. SOBOTOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Polio Vaccination

SUMMARYWe report the outcome of an 11-year programme monitoring sewage water and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) strategy for polio eradication in the Slovak Republic (SR). Polioviruses (PV) and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV), prior to and after the change in polio vaccination strategy, were detected. Sewage treatment plant samples from 48 localities spread over the Western, Central and Eastern regions and clinical material from AFP cases were examined. The WHO standard procedures were followed with regard to virus isolation and identification. There were 538 commonly detected human enteroviruses (HEVs) including 213 (40%) coxsackie B viruses (CBV), 200 (37%) echoviruses and 113 (21%) Sabin-like PVs (PV1, 2, 3) including vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) isolates. The percentage of PV isolates fell from 66% to 30% during 2001–2005 and thereafter fell to zero. CBV5, CBV2 and echovirus 3 were the NPEVs endemic during the study period.

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