scholarly journals Obesogenic Behavior and Weight-Based Stigma in Popular Children’s Movies, 2012 to 2015

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Janna B. Howard ◽  
Asheley Cockrell Skinner ◽  
Sophie N. Ravanbakht ◽  
Jane D. Brown ◽  
Andrew J. Perrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Television Programming ◽  
Binary Responses ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Portion Sizes ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Good Agreement

BACKGROUND Obesity-promoting content and weight-stigmatizing messages are common in child-directed television programming and advertisements, and 1 study found similar trends in G- and PG-rated movies from 2006 to 2010. Our objective was to examine the prevalence of such content in more recent popular children’s movies. METHODS Raters examined 31 top-grossing G- and PG-rated movies released from 2012 to 2015. For each 10-minute segment (N = 302) and for movies as units, raters documented the presence of eating-, activity-, and weight-related content observed on-screen. To assess interrater reliability, 10 movies (32%) were coded by more than 1 rater. RESULTS The result of Cohen’s κ test of agreement among 3 raters was 0.65 for binary responses (good agreement). All 31 movies included obesity-promoting content; most common were unhealthy foods (87% of movies, 42% of segments), exaggerated portion sizes (71%, 29%), screen use (68%, 38%), and sugar-sweetened beverages (61%, 24%). Weight-based stigma, such as a verbal insult about body size or weight, was observed in 84% of movies and 30% of segments. CONCLUSIONS Children’s movies include much obesogenic and weight-stigmatizing content. These messages are not shown in isolated incidences; rather, they often appear on-screen multiple times throughout the entire movie. Future research should explore these trends over time, and their effects.

A Critical Appraisal of 25 Years of Research Related to Fashion Adoption Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane E. Workman ◽  
Seung-Hee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Assessment ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Research Propositions ◽  
Over Time

Objectives of this study were to investigate research examining fashion adoption groups for (a) specific variables studied and major findings within broad categories of variables, (b) research propositions from which hypotheses can be derived, and (c) research trends over time. Fashion adoption groups differed in many ways that influence time of adoption. Sixteen propositions were detected that can be used as a structured framework for future research to derive hypotheses for empirical testing and to develop a theory/model focused specifically on fashion. A wealth of information about variables related to fashion adoption was compiled, organized, and presented to provide a more complete and updated view of fashion adoption. Gaps and shortcomings in research were uncovered that offered ideas for further research. Assessment of trends in research provided a sense of progress in the field regarding fashion adoption.

scholarly journals Prenatal Dietary Exposures and Offspring Body Size from 6 Months to 18 Years: A Systematic Review (P11-019-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Litvak ◽  
Niyati Parekh ◽  
Andrea Deierlein
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
English Articles ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives In utero dietary exposures may influence childhood obesity. Current research on the relationship between prenatal food and beverage intakes and offspring obesity has yielded mixed results. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the relationship between prenatal dietary exposures and offspring body size from 6 months to 18 years. Methods A systematic review of English articles using PubMed and Web of Science (January 2010- March 2018) was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. Additional studies were identified through a reference review of articles that met the inclusion criteria and related review articles. Longitudinal observational studies that assessed dietary patterns, food(s) and/or macronutrients(s), or beverage(s) consumption during healthy pregnancy and evaluated offspring body size between the ages of 6 months and 18 years were included in the review. Results Twenty studies evaluating dietary patterns (n = 6), macronutrient(s) and/or food(s) (n = 11), and beverages (n = 3) met inclusion criteria. Consumption of a Mediterranean dietary pattern during pregnancy was associated with lower anthropometric measures in offspring, while sugars and refined carbohydrates were associated with offspring obesity. Mixed results were observed for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein, sugar-sweetened beverages, and artificially sweetened beverages. Conclusions These findings suggest that following a Mediterranean diet and limiting sugar intake during pregnancy may make small but significant contributions to preventing childhood overweight and obesity. Future research should focus on prenatal diet quality to better communicate the information to health practitioners. Funding Sources None.

scholarly journals Financial Inclusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (157) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Barajas ◽  
Thorsten Beck ◽  
Mohammed Belhaj ◽  
Sami Ben Naceur
Keyword(s):  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Banking Competition ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Holding Back ◽  
Over Time

The past two decades have seen a rapid increase in interest in financial inclusion, both from policymakers and researchers. This paper surveys the main findings from the literature, documenting the trends over time and gaps that have arisen across regions, income levels, and gender, among others. It points out that structural, as well as policy-related, factors, such as encouraging banking competition or channeling government payments through bank accounts, play an important role, and describes the potential macro and microeconomic benefits that can be derived from greater financial inclusion. It argues that policy should aim to identify and reduce frictions holding back financial inclusion, rather than targeting specific levels of inclusion. Finally, it suggests areas for future research.

scholarly journals Evaluating Potential Behavioral Mediators for Increasing Similarity in Friends’ Body Size among College Students

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene van Woerden ◽  
Daniel Hruschka ◽  
David R. Schaefer ◽  
Kimberly L. Fine ◽  
Meg Bruening
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Year College ◽  
First Year College Students ◽  
Over Time

College students and their friends become more similar in weight status over time. However, it is unclear which mediators explain this relationship. Using validated survey measures of diet, physical activity, alcohol intake, sleep behaviors, mental health, and food security status, we take a comprehensive look at possible factors associated with excess weight gain that may explain friends’ convergence on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, and waist to height ratio over time. We use linear mixed models applied to a longitudinal dataset of first-year college students to examine whether these variables satisfy two criteria for potential candidate mediators of friends’ influence on anthropometrics—cross-sectional similarity among friends (n = 509) and longitudinal associations with increasing anthropometrics (n = 428). While friends were similar on some survey measures (such as dining hall use, home cooked meal consumption, fruit intake, alcohol intake, hours of sleep, and stress). Only dining hall use and stress emerged as potential explanations for why friends’ BMI and anthropometric change may be similar. Given that only a few variables satisfied the two criteria as potential mediators, future research may need to consider alternative measurement approaches, including real-time assessments, objective measurements, and alternative factors causing the convergence of friends’ and college students’ body size over time.

scholarly journals Sex-specific stroke incidence over time in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study

Neurology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 990-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy E. Madsen ◽  
Jane Khoury ◽  
Kathleen Alwell ◽  
Charles J. Moomaw ◽  
Eric Rademacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bonferroni Correction ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Stroke Study ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Us Census ◽  
Over Time

Objective:Recent data suggest stroke incidence is decreasing over time, but it is unknown whether incidence is decreasing in women and men to the same extent.Methods:Within our population of 1.3 million, all incident strokes among residents ≥20 years old were ascertained at all hospitals during July 1993–June 1994 and calendar years 1999, 2005, and 2010. A sampling scheme was used to ascertain out-of-hospital cases. Sex-specific incidence rates per 100,000 among black and white participants, age- and race-adjusted, were standardized to the 2000 US Census population. Trends over time by sex were compared; a Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons.Results:Over the 4 study periods, there were 7,710 incident strokes; 57.2% (n = 4,412) were women. Women were older than men (mean ± SE 72.4 ± 0.34 vs 68.2 ± 0.32, p < 0.001). Incidence of all strokes decreased over time in men (263 [confidence interval 246–281] to 192 [179–205], p < 0.001) but not in women (217 [205–230] to 198 [187–210], p = 0.15). Similar sex differences were seen for ischemic stroke (men, 238 [223–257] to 165 [153–177], p < 0.01; women, 193 [181–205] to 173 [162–184], p = 0.09). Incidence of all strokes and of ischemic strokes was similar between women and men in 2010. Incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage were stable over time in both sexes.Conclusions:Decreases in stroke incidence over time are driven by a decrease in ischemic stroke in men. Contrary to previous study periods, stroke incidence rates were similar by sex in 2010. Future research is needed to understand why the decrease in ischemic stroke incidence is more pronounced in men.

Productivity in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Scholarship in Counseling Psychology: Institutional and Individual Ratings for 1990 Through 2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Grant Smith
Keyword(s):  
Counseling Psychology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bisexual And Transgender ◽  
Weighted Score ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Institutional Productivity ◽  
Over Time

This study examined individual and institutional productivity in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) scholarship published in counseling psychology—oriented journals for the years 1990 through 2008. Eight journals were included in the analyses. An author-weighted score was calculated for each scholar, using a formula developed by Howard, Cole, and Maxwell. To determine the impact of authors’ work, h indices were calculated for the most productive scholars. Finally, institutions publishing LGBT scholarship were proportionally ranked, consistent with the work of Tinsley and Tinsley. Twenty-nine authors and 13 institutions emerged as leaders in LGBT scholarship. Data on percentage of articles published in each journal, as well as trends over time, are presented. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Fröhlich ◽  
Abiodun Williams
Keyword(s):  
Security Council ◽  
International Context ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Executive Action ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way ◽  
Guiding Questions

The Conclusion returns to the guiding questions introduced in the Introduction, looking at the way in which the book’s chapters answered them. As such, it identifies recurring themes, experiences, structures, motives, and trends over time. By summarizing the result of the chapters’ research into the interaction between the Secretaries-General and the Security Council, some lessons are identified on the changing calculus of appointments, the conditions and relevance of the international context, the impact of different personalities in that interaction, the changes in agenda and composition of the Council as well as different formats of interaction and different challenges to be met in the realm of peace and security, administration, and reform, as well as concepts and norms. Taken together, they also illustrate the potential and limitations of UN executive action.

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