PREMATURITY AND RICKETS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
S. Eek ◽  
L. H. Gabrielsen ◽  
S. Halvorsen
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Adequate Supply ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Sixty-nine premature infants receiving different dietaries and with birth weights below 2,000 gm were studied with chemical, clinical and radiologic methods. Vitamin D was given to all infants from the age of 4 days. The concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and phosphatase in the serum showed variations toward those seen in active rickets. These changes were somewhat more marked in infants fed human milk than cow's milk. Supplementation of human milk with dried skimmed cow's milk did not significantly alter these changes. Craniotabes was more frequently seen in premature infants fed human milk than cow's milk. Otherwise, no clinical signs of rickets were found. All the premature infants were born with a metaphyseal zone of rarefaction. These zones are believed to be the result of a disturbance in ossification which occured during the last weeks of pregnancy, perhaps caused by a factor which was also responsible for the premature birth. They gradually merge with the general osteoporosis developing 10 to 13 weeks after birth. Later, periosteal double contours are visible. These double contours are the first signs of an improved mineralization. There was no correlation between abnormal chemical findings and the most conspicuous radiologic or clinical findings. No case of recognizable rickets was observed among the infants studied. This risk of rickets, despite an adequate supply of vitamin D, is probably not as great as stated by previous investigators, and is probably the same whether the infants are fed human milk or cow's milk.

FEEDING PREMATURE INFANTS—A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MILKS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-382
Author(s):  
B. M. Kagan ◽  
J. H. Hess ◽  
Evelyn Lundeen ◽  
Kathleen Shafer ◽  
Julia B. Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infant ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Mixture

Premature infants of birth weight between 1,000 and 2,000 gm. were given isocaloric feedings at the rate of 82 calories per kilogram body weight per day between the seventh and twenty-eighth days of life using: 1) human milk characteristically low in ash content; 2) modified human milk with slightly increased protein and ash content and slightly lowered fat content; 3) a cow's milk mixture which simulates human milk in protein, carbohydrate and fat and provides a moderate ash content, and 4) a one-half-skimmed cow's milk mixture providing high protein, low fat and high ash. These milks produced increasing weight gains in the order in which they are named. The increased weight gain over that provided by isocaloric amounts of human milk appears to be directly related to the increase in ash intake rather than to the percentage of protein, carbohydrate or fat. Comparable analysis of data from another study in which 120 calories per kilogram body weight were fed supports this observation. Several recent studies have demonstrated the relative immaturity of renal function in the premature infant under 1 month of age, with a resultant tendency to retain water on high mineral intakes. The increase in weight gain in relation to the increase in intake of ash may be a reflection of the poor renal function of young premature infants and their relative inability to excrete the increased solute load, with resultant obligate water retention. These data suggest a probable difference in character of weight gain during and after the first month of life in premature infants on diets of mineral concentration higher than that of human milk. This difference should be reflected in body composition, determination of which might well be an interesting subject for future investigation. Further study may demonstrate that weight gain has serious limitations as a criterion for normal development of the premature infant during the first month of life.

scholarly journals The total content of vitamin D in human milk and cow's milk

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Leerbeck ◽  
H. Søndergaard
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Sulphate Content ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Chemical Determination

1. It was shown that the water-soluble fraction of cow's milk and human milk did no possess significant antirachitic activity on rats.2. Whole cow's milk was found to contain 38 i.u. vitamin D/1. Whole human milk contained 15 i.u. vitamin D/1, of which 12 i.u. derived from the lipid fraction.3. Thus the values found were much lower than the 204 i.u./1 in cow's milk and 950 i.u./1 in human milk given in the literature based on chemical determination of the sterol sulphate content.

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
T. Tomomasa ◽  
P. E. Hyman ◽  
K. Itoh ◽  
J. Y. Hsu ◽  
T. Koizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Clyne ◽  
Anthony Kulczycki
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Infant Colic ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

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