PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF VARICELLA-ZOSTER ANTIBODY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034-1038
Author(s):  
Philip A. Brunell
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Maternal Antibody ◽  
Placental Barrier ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Detectable Serum

Eight pregnant women who had varicella-zoster infections were studied. Newborn serum antibody titers approximated those of their mothers when more than 5 days elapsed between the onset of maternal varicella and delivery. When this interval was shorter, maternal antibody titers tended to exceed those of cord sera. These differences could not be attributed to the placental barrier to IgM, since maternal antibody was found to be predominantly 7S. Neonatal varicella occurred in all three infants born without detectable serum V-Z antibody yet only one of these infants was found to have a detectable antibody response. Since newborn infants were found to be limited in their ability to synthesize V-Z antibody, it is unlikely that fetal synthesis could have accounted for the antibody found in infants who had antibody titers comparable to those of their mothers. It must be assumed that some, if not all of this antibody was maternal in origin and was transported across the placenta.

ADENOVIRUS COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY TITERS FROM BIRTH THROUGH THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-500
Author(s):  
Rosa Lee Nemir ◽  
Donna O'Hare ◽  
Stanley Goldstein ◽  
Charles B. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
First Year ◽  
Placental Barrier ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

Complement fixing antibody titers to the adenoviruses were determined in 251 newborn infants, using cord blood. Approximately 95% of these were found to have CF titers of 1:16 or over, the majority (75%) were 1:32 or more. Material from the pharyngeal and rectal swabs of these infants on tissue culture studies (542) on HeLa and amnion cells showed no cytopathic effect in oven 96% of these infants. A longitudinal study of 114 of these infants was made at 3 months intervals; 67 have been observed for one year. At 3 months, only 12% still showed CF antibody titers, and these were chiefly at a low level, 1:16. At the subsequent 3-month interval observations, a gradual rise in CF antibodies were found. At one year of age, approximately 37% had titers of 1:32 on over. The findings of this report support the statement that CF antibodies to adenovirus pass the placental barrier. There is a gradual increase in the percentage of infants with positive CF antibodies after 3 months.

SERUM ANTIBODIES IN STAPHYLOCOCCAL DISEASE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Paul G. Quie ◽  
Lewis W. Wannamaker
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Skin Infection ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Alpha Hemolysin ◽  
General Similarity ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Staphylococcal Pneumonia

Serum antibody titers to the staphylococcal Muller factor and alpha-hemolysin were determined in population groups of various ages and in maternal-cord serum pairs. There was evidence for placental transmission of antibodies and after 2 years of age most persons demonstrated antibody to both of these staphylococcal extracellular products. Antibody titers in patients with staphylococcal lesions were usually in the upper range of those found in the normal population of similar age, but no striking or consistent elevation of titers was observed in association with or following staphylococcal disease. Exceptions, due in part perhaps to age, were found in patients with staphylococcal pneumonia whose sera often contained no measurable antibody and in certain patients with recurrent skin infection whose sera contained alpha-hemolysin antibodies but failed to demonstrate Muller factor antibodies. The general similarity of antibody titers in patients with staphylococcal lesions to those in normal persons suggests that the antibody response to staphylococcal Muller factor and to alpha-hemolysin is little different after a staphylococcal lesion than after nasal or cutaneous colonization. These findings emphasize that, in addition to antibodies to toxins, presently ill-defined cellular bactericidal mechanisms are necessary for complete defense against staphylococcal disease.

Changes in the prevalence of the measles, rubella, varicella-zoster, and mumps virus antibody titers in Japanese pregnant women

Vaccine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (19) ◽  
pp. 2343-2347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masachi Hanaoka ◽  
Michi Hisano ◽  
Noriyoshi Watanabe ◽  
Kana Sugawara ◽  
Yukari Kambe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Japanese Pregnant Women

Evidence of Placental Transfer of Acetaminophen

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-895
Author(s):  
Gerhard Levy ◽  
Lorne K. Garrettson ◽  
David M. Soda
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Mild Analgesics ◽  
Kinetics Of

Various surveys have shown that pregnant women frequently take mild analgesics. The most widely used nonprescription analgesics are aspirin, acetaminophen, and its precursor phenacetin. Acetaminophen has been detected in the urine of ten out of 250 women attending an antenatal clinic in Australia.1 We have recently studied and reported on the kinetics of salicylate elimination by newborn infants of mothers who ingested aspirin before delivery, either in single small doses2 or regularly in large doses.3

Immune status of representative infectious diseases among Japanese female university students

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Misaki Katsuyama ◽  
Yuji Koike ◽  
Toshie Hirohara ◽  
Kazuhiro Kogawa
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
University Students ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Japanese Female ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Japanese Youth

Abstract Objective: To elucidate the immune status of representative infectious diseases among Japanese youth, we retrospectively investigated serum antibody levels in university students, partly comparing these to immunization records and infectious disease histories confirmed by the maternal and child health (MCH) handbooks. Materials and methods: In total, 168 Japanese female university students, aged 20–21 years, were included. Data were collected from examinations of antibody titers against measles, rubella, varicella-zoster (VZ), mumps, and hepatitis B (HB) and C (HC) viruses, and from QuantiFERON®-TB Gold tests, between 2011 and 2015. Records of immunization and infectious disease histories were available from MCH handbooks for students who agreed with the use of their data for this study (n=23). Results: All students had positive antibodies, detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), against measles, rubella, VZ, and mumps; however, seroprevalences within the range of seroprotective antibody levels were 38.1% (64/168), 67.9% (114/168), 95.9% (141/147), and 89.8% (132/147), respectively. The students had probably not been infected with HB, HC, or tuberculosis at the time of the examinations. Discussion: The study indicated that a two-dose vaccine for measles and rubella (MR) might not be sufficient to produce antibodies at seroprotective levels. Therefore, we propose that health care workers, including students, should receive an additional MR vaccine, even if they have received two doses of MR vaccine or if they have unknown histories of immunizations or infectious diseases. Further investigations in these areas will be needed.

scholarly journals Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in pregnant women and their neonates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malavika Prabhu ◽  
Elisabeth A Murphy ◽  
Ashley C Sukhu ◽  
Jim Yee ◽  
Sunidhi Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Transfer Ratio ◽  
Pearson Correlation Analysis ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Maternal Igg

Pregnant women were excluded from initial clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines1-2, thus the immunologic response to vaccination in pregnancy and the transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies are just beginning to be studied4-5. Methods: Between January 28 and March 31, 2021, we studied 122 pregnant women and their neonates at time of birth. All women had received one or both doses of a messenger RNA (mRNA)-based COVID-19 vaccine. Fifty-five women received only one dose of the vaccine and 67 women received both doses of the vaccine by time of giving birth. Eighty-five women received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, while 37 women received the Moderna vaccine. All women tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 infection using reverse-transcriptase PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs, and none reported any COVID-19 symptoms at the time of admission for birth. Semi-quantitative testing for antibodies against S-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) (ET HealthCare)3 was performed on sera of maternal peripheral blood and neonatal cord blood at the time of delivery to identify antibodies mounted against the vaccine. All women tested negative for antibodies against the Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) antigen (Roche Diagnostics EUA) to ensure that the antibodies detected were not produced in response to past SARS-CoV-2 infection. Relationship between IgG antibody levels over time was studied using ANOVA with Tukey posthoc. Relationship between maternal and neonatal IgG levels was studied using Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression on log2-scaled serological values. Relationship between IgG placental transfer ratio (neonatal/maternal) vs. time was studied using Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression on log2-scaled serological values and days. Serology levels represented as log2+1. Statistical analysis was performed using R 3.6.3, RStudio 1.1.463. The study was approved by the Weill Cornell Medicine institutional review board. Results: Pregnant women vaccinated with mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy and tested at time of birth had detectable immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM response. Eighty-seven women tested at birth produced only an IgG response, and 19 women produced both an IgM and IgG response. Sixteen women tested at birth had no detectable antibody response, and they were all within four weeks after vaccination dose 1 (Figure 1A). There was an increase over time in the number of women that mounted an antibody response, as well as the number of women that demonstrated passive immunity to their neonates (Figure 1A). All women and their neonates, except for one neonate, had detectable IgG antibodies by 4 weeks after maternal first dose of vaccination (Figure 1A). 43.6% (24/55) of neonates born to women that received only one vaccine dose had detectable IgG, while 98.5% (65/67) of neonates born to women that received both vaccine doses had detectable IgG. The IgG levels in pregnant women increased weekly from two weeks after first vaccine dose (p=0.0047;0.019), as well as between the first and second weeks after the second vaccine dose (p=2e-07) (Figure 1B). Maternal IgG levels were linearly associated with neonatal IgG levels (R=0.89, p<2.2e-16) (Figure 2A). Placental transfer ratio correlated with the weeks that elapsed since maternal second dose of vaccine (R=0.8, p=2.6e-15) (Figure 2B). Discussion: mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant women lead to maternal antibody production as early as 5 days after the first vaccination dose, and passive immunity to the neonate as early as 16 days after the first vaccination dose. The increasing levels of maternal IgG over time, and the increasing placental IgG transfer ratio over time suggest that timing between vaccination and birth may be an important factor to consider in the vaccination strategies of pregnant women. Further studies are needed to understand the factors that influence transplacental transfer of IgG antibody, as well as the protective nature of these antibodies.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF Rh HAPTEN THERAPY ON THE COURSE OF Rh ISOSENSITIZATION IN PREGNANCY

Blood ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1125-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARROLL L. SPURLING ◽  
MILTON S. SACKS ◽  
ELSA F. JAHN
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Maternal Antibody ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract 1. Ten Rh-negative sensitized pregnant women were treated with Rh hapten in doses of 100 to 600 mg. weekly for periods varying from seven to twenty-eight weeks antepartum. 2. Three patients with heterozygous husbands delivered Rh-negative infants. Maternal antibody titers were unaffected by hapten therapy. 3. Three patients delivered Rh-positive infants displaying varying degrees of erythroblastosis fetalis. 4. The pregnancies of 4 patients terminated with fetal deaths in utero despite hapten therapy. 5. There does not seem to be any evidence that Rh hapten in the doses and manner employed altered the course or outcome of any of the 10 pregnancies.

scholarly journals Varicella Susceptibility in a Canadian Population

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Ratnam
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Care Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
One Year

OBJECTIVE: To determine susceptibility to varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection among children, pregnant women and health care workers in Newfoundland.DESIGN: Cohort and cross-sectional, province-wide, population-based seroprevalence study.STUDY POPULATION AND METHODS: A cohort of 586 children aged one year, a cross-sectional group of 1135 school children aged five to 15 years, 3643 pregnant women aged 15 to 45 years, and 5386 persons in health care settings aged 15 to 55 years. Susceptibility to varicella was determined by enzyme immunoassay based on serum antibody to VZV.RESULTS: Among the cohort of 586 children, 565 (96.4%) did not have detectable VZV antibody at one year of age. The proportion with VZV antibody increased thereafter to 12.8% and 33.9%, respectively, at age two and four years, indicating the extent of exposure to VZV at these ages. Among the 1135 school-age children, the proportion testing positive for VZV antibody increased from 44% at five years of age to 88.9% at 15 years of age, indicating the cumulative incidence of varicella in this age group. Among pregnant women, 92.1% tested positive for VZV antibody, and the corresponding figure for the health care group was 93.1%. In both groups, the proportion testing positive for VZV antibody increased with advancing age, from 89.6% for the 15- to 19-year age group to 96.5% for those over the age of 40 years.CONCLUSIONS: The risk of VZV infection increases steadily from one year of age, reaching a peak during school years. The study data support the recent Canadian recommendation to vaccinate any person older than 12 months of age who is susceptible to VZV. Among the adult population, the proportion susceptible will be under 10% for the foreseeable future, and for those at risk, selective vaccination based on their immune status would be a cost effective approach.

ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO THE SOMATIC ANTIGEN OF SALMONELLA NEWPORT IN PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-615
Author(s):  
Samuel P. Gotoff ◽  
William D. Cochran
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Somatic Antigen ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Salmonella Newport ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ultracentrifugal Analysis

Antibody to the somatic antigen of S. newport was demonstrated by the hemagglutination technique in the sera of 11 premature infants 1 to 2 months old following a nursery outbreak of gastroenteritis. By ultracentrifugal analysis of selected sera from infected infants the antibody activity was exclusively associated with the rapidly sedimenting (19S) gamma M globulin fraction. Although antibody activity was found in the rapidly sedimenting fraction in all maternal sera tested, some antibody activity was also found in the slowly sadimenting immunoglobulin fractions in sera from 2 of 7 mothers suggesting recent or intensive antigenic stimulation. This evidence, coupled with a recent history of gastroenteritis, suggests that one of the mothers may have been the source of the epidemic. The low or absent antibody titers in the infants of these two mothers suggests that the antibody response may have been suppressed by the placental transfer of maternal slowly sedimenting antibody. The usual sequence of immunoglobulin response to protein antigens is contrasted with the response to the somatic antigen of Gram-negative bacteria, and the role of serum antibody in immunity to Gramnegative bacteria is discussed.

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