Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 854-855
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
International Comparison ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Definition Of

Dr. Thomas is, of course, quite correct in noting that various reporting countries use different definitions of live births, a problem which does complicate the matter of precise comparisons. On the other hand, the report from which Dr. Thomas quotes, International Comparison of Perinatal and Infant Mortality, goes on to analyze several instances in which quantitative data on definitions are available. The major problem, of course, has to do with definition of a live birth; for example, the Swedish definition of a live birth was not the same as that in the United States until 1959.

28 USC § 1782—looking for consensus

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-345
Author(s):  
David J Stute
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Courts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Arbitral Tribunal ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Since the 1948 enactment of 28 USC § 1782 in the United States, no consensus has emerged as to the availability of federal court discovery to parties in private foreign or international arbitral proceedings. This year, within months of one another, six federal courts have issued rulings that are widely inconsistent on the availability of section 1782 discovery. The courts have ruled that a proceeding before a private international arbitral tribunal is eligible for section 1782 discovery; that, categorically, no such discovery is available; that the definition of private arbitral tribunal applies to CIETAC; and that discovery is available by virtue of a party’s parallel pursuit of discovery through foreign civil proceedings. As these cases demonstrate, recent US court decisions have brought no predictability, let alone certainty, to the subject. Congress, on the other hand, could and should amend the statute so as to include private tribunals in the scope of section 1782. This article discusses the case law’s state of disarray; proposes a legislative solution; considers the proposed amendment’s merits; and advocates for Congress to act.

scholarly journals Subject Matter and Pre-Requisites for Protection of Non-Conventional Trademark

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Vatsa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trademark Law ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

We have been gifted with senses other than our eyes, which the non-conventional trademarks aim to employ and have thus gained popularity. These marks have gradually acquired acceptance and have been included under the ambit of trademarks in various countries of the world. Trademark law aims at facilitating profit and strengthening the identity of a business. Non-conventional marks too, perform the same function. The United States has taken a similar approach and has thus provided protection to various such non-conventional marks. India, on the other hand, is yet to take a similar approach. The present law in India disallows the registration of such marks, proving to be a hindrance in their registration, rather than a facilitator. This paper discusses the concept and definition of non-conventional marks, its subject matter and the prerequisites for its registration. By comparing the different approaches to non-conventional trademarks and the procedure for their registration across different countries, this paper aims at suggesting a model suitable for adoption in India.

Regional Contribution of Previable Infant Deaths to Infant Mortality Rates in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
MacKenzie Lee ◽  
Eric S. Hall ◽  
Meredith Taylor ◽  
Emily A. DeFranco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Healthy People 2020

Objective Lack of standardization of infant mortality rate (IMR) calculation between regions in the United States makes comparisons potentially biased. This study aimed to quantify differences in the contribution of early previable live births (<20 weeks) to U.S. regional IMR. Study Design Population-based cohort study of all U.S. live births and infant deaths recorded between 2007 and 2014 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) WONDER database linked birth/infant death records (births from 17–47 weeks). Proportion of infant deaths attributable to births <20 vs. 20 to 47 weeks, and difference (ΔIMR) between reported and modified (births ≥20 weeks) IMRs were compared across four U.S. census regions (North, South, Midwest, and West). Results Percentages of infant deaths attributable to birth <20 weeks were 6.3, 6.3, 5.3, and 4.1% of total deaths for Northeast, Midwest, South, and West, respectively, p < 0.001. Contribution of < 20-week deaths to each region's IMR was 0.34, 0.42, 0.37, and 0.2 per 1,000 live births. Modified IMR yielded less regional variation with IMRs of 5.1, 6.2, 6.6, and 4.9 per 1,000 live births. Conclusion Live births at <20 weeks contribute significantly to IMR as all result in infant death. Standardization of gestational age cut-off results in more consistent IMRs among U.S. regions and would result in U.S. IMR rates exceeding the healthy people 2020 goal of 6.0 per 1,000 live births.

PUBLIC HEALTH

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1018-1021
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
First Time

For the first time in 3 years it is gratifying to note that the infant mortality in the United States has not increased. The estimated rate for 1959, 26.4, was about 2% lower than the 1958 rate of 26.9 and is at the same level as the 1957 rate. Low point thus far for the United States was in 1956, when the rate was 26.0. There was relatively little change in the other important rates—births, deaths and marriages. The natural increase in the population, that is births (including an estimate for those unregistered) minus deaths, was 2,632,000, giving a rate of increase of 14.9 per 1,000 population, essentially the same as the 1958 rate of 15.0.

ANNUAL SUMMARY OF VITAL STATISTICS—1967

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1008
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Second Year

0nmany occasions previously this annual article has included serious criticism of the record of the United States as to infant mortality. It is satisfying, therefore, to report that 1967 marked a second year of a downward trend and that early tentative reports for 1968 are encouraging that the trend has continued. Nevertheless, as will be seen later, there is still a long way to go, and there are too many unacceptably high rates in particular population groups. Each year at this time a report is presented of the national situation in respect of the most significant vital rates, that is live births and infant deaths.

Statistics and Swedish `Sambos'

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 882-882
Author(s):  
MYRON E. WEGMAN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Stability ◽  
The Us ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Opposite Sex

In Reply.— Family stability has a strong influence on infant mortality. Dr Allen has a valid point in drawing attention to the differences between Sweden and the United States. On the other hand, quantifying such differences is not easy. There is evidence that the US too has a significant number of couples living together without a marriage certificate. indeed, the Census Bureau, beginning with the 1980 census, I believe, introduced the term POSSLQ "person of opposite sex sharing living quarters" as an alternative to single or married.

scholarly journals State-level trends in sudden unexpected infant death and immunization in the United States: an ecological study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Müller-Nordhorn ◽  
Konrad Neumann ◽  
Thomas Keil ◽  
Stefan N. Willich ◽  
Sylvia Binting
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sleep Position ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Unexpected Infant Death ◽  
Rate Ratios

Abstract Background Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) continues to be a major contributor to infant mortality in the United States. The objective was to analyze time trends in SUID and their association with immunization coverage. Methods The number of deaths and live births per year and per state (1992–2015) was obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We calculated infant mortality rates (i.e., deaths below one year of age) per 1000 live births for SUID. We obtained data on immunization in children aged 19–35 months with three doses or more of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (3+ DTP), polio (3+ Polio), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (3+ Hib) as well as four doses or more of DTP (4+ DTP) from the National Immunization Survey, and data on infant sleep position from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) Study. Data on poverty and race were derived from the Current Population and American Community Surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau. We calculated mean SUID mortality rates with 95% confidence interval (CI) as well as the annual percentage change using breakpoint analysis. We used Poisson regression with random effects to examine the dependence of SUID rates on immunization coverage, adjusting for sleep position and poverty (1996–2015). In a second model, we additionally adjusted for race (2000–2015). Results Overall, SUID mortality decreased in the United States. The mean annual percent change was − 9.6 (95% CI = − 10.5, − 8.6) between 1992 and 1996, and − 0.3 (95% CI = − 0.4, − 0.1) from 1996 onwards. The adjusted rate ratios for SUID mortality were 0.91 (95% CI = 0.80, 1.03) per 10% increase for 3+ DTP, 0.88 (95% CI = 0.83, 0.95) for 4+ DTP, 1.00 (95% CI = 0.90, 1.10) for 3+ polio, and 0.95 (95% CI = 0.89, 1.02) for 3+ Hib. After additionally adjusting for race, the rate ratios were 0.76 (95% CI = 0.67, 0.85) for 3+ DTP, 0.83 (95% CI = 0.78, 0.89) for 4+ DTP, 0.81 (95% CI = 0.73, 0.90) for 3+ polio, and 0.94 (95% CI = 0.88, 1.00) for 3+ Hib. Conclusions SUID mortality is decreasing, and inversely related to immunization coverage. However, since 1996, the decline has slowed down.

“That These Colonies Are … Free ​ and Independent States”

2018 ◽  
pp. 120-151
Author(s):  
Peter Charles Hoffer ◽  
Williamjames Hull Hoffer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constitutional Theory ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The People ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
Fundamental Law ◽  
Definition Of

Even if the Declaration were a legal document announcing the independence of the United States, according to revolutionary constitutional theory no independent state could exist without fundamental law, in this case a constitution of some sort that was ratified by the people. The Revolutionaries agreed that constitutions must precede and empower governments, or the fundamental rule of consent of the governed could not be followed. Congress did not have such a foundation. The last paragraph of the Declaration thus served as a miniature prototype constitution until such time as a more substantial document could be prepared and ratified. The powers that the Declaration gave to the United States, to wage and conclude wars, regulate commerce, and all the other powers that independent states “may of right do” were the very definition of sovereignty. As it happened, they were the most valid factual claims the Declaration made, for Congress were already doing all of them.

Letter To The Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1042-1044
Author(s):  
I. M. Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
Nonwhite Population

We are grateful to two authorities for the following replies to Dr. Nickey. First, Dr. Moriyama: Is the differential between the infant mortality rate for the United States (22.4 per 1,000 live births in 1967) and the corresponding rate for Sweden (13.7), the Netherlands (13.4), Norway (14.8), and other countries of low mortality real?1, 2 One possible reason for the large differential is the contribution that the nonwhite population makes to the relatively high mortality rate for the United States.

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