IRON-FORTIFIED FORMULAS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-786
Author(s):  
L. J. Filer ◽  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Richard B. Goldbloom ◽  
Malcolm A. Holliday ◽  
Robert W. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Feeding Problems ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Recent Statement ◽  
Marketing Information

In its recent statement on iron,1 the Committee on Nutrition emphasized the value of iron-fortified, proprietary milk formulas for the prevention of iron-deficiency anemia of infancy. Despite this recommendation, the most recent marketing information available to the Committee shows that more than 70% of the proprietary formulas currently prescribed by physicians do not contain added iron. The reasons for continuing routine use of formulas not fortified with iron are not entirely clear. One reason may be that some physicians still believe iron additives increase the incidence of feeding problems or gastrointestinal disturbances. There is no documented evidence that this is a significant problem. The Committee strongly recommends when proprietary formulas are prescribed that iron-supplemented formulas be used routinely as the standard–that is, that this be the rule rather than the exception. There seems to be little justification for continued general use of proprietary formulas not fortified with iron. The Committee is fully aware that only a small percentage of American infants are fed proprietary formulas after 6 months of age. Fluid whole milk (available in bottle or carton ) or evaporated milk, both of which contain only trace amounts of iron, are substituted at the time of greatest iron need and highest prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. The infant's diet is usually deficient in iron, unless other foods are carefully selected to insure adequate iron intake. Since the major dietary component during infancy is milk, two courses of action should be taken: (1) Pediatricians and other health professionals should engage in a program of public education to convince American mothers to provide their infants with a source of dietary iron.

scholarly journals Dietary Iron Intake Does Not Predict Anemia, Iron Deficiency or Iron Deficiency Anemia Among 12-month Old Rwandan Children (P10-124-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Matsiko ◽  
Alida Melse-Boonstra ◽  
Lisine Tuyisenge ◽  
Edith J M Feskens
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Abstract Objectives In Rwanda, anemia affects 38% of all under five and 61% of those aged 9–11 months old; however, the contribution of diet to anemia remains less known. This study aimed to assess if dietary iron intake predicts the risk of anemia and iron deficiency among Rwandan children of 12 months old. Methods A longitudinal study of 192 children was conducted in 2016–2018 in a rural setting in Rwanda. We measured hemoglobin concentration, and collected blood samples from the infant-mother pairs at birth, 4 and 12 months post-partum. Plasma or serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and α-Acid Glycoprotein (AGP) concentrations were measured using sandwich ELISA technique. Body iron stores were calculated from the sTfR/Ferritin ratio. Hemoglobin and ferritin values were adjusted for altitude and infection, respectively. Dietary iron intake data were collected using a full 24-hour recall, and the intake of iron from micronutrient powders was captured by questionnaire. Predictors of anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia at 12 months of age were modelled using Cox proportional hazard regression with robust variance. Results Anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) occurred in 73%, 56%, and 44% of the infants at 4 months, and 48%, 88% and 45% of the children at 12 months, respectively. For their mothers, anemia, ID, and IDA occurred in 12%, 59%, and 9% at 4 months, and 12%, 49%, and 8% at 12 months. Child's dietary iron intake did not significantly predict anemia [PR = 1.00 (0.96–1.04)], ID [PR = 0.99 (0.98–1.01)], or IDA [PR = 0.99 (0.95–1.03)] at 12 months. However, this study revealed that the child's hemoglobin concentration at birth was inversely associated with anemia at 12 months [PR = 0.92 (0.86–0.99)], whereas inflammation [PR = 1.23 (1.03–1.46)] and IDA at 4 months [PR = 1.44 (1.04–1.99)] increased the risk of anemia at 12 months. Presence of inflammation additionally predicted risk of IDA at 12 months [PR = 1.27 (1.05–1.54)]. Conclusions While dietary iron intake is not a significant predictor of anemia, 94% of anemia cases coincide with ID at 12 months of age. In addition, inflammation is the most important predictor of anemia and IDA at this age. Therefore, prevention of inflammation is crucial to make dietary measures effective. Funding Sources Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Rwanda; UNICEF Rwanda; Nuffic.

scholarly journals Iron intake and its association with iron-deficiency anemia in agricultural workers' families from the Zona da Mata of Pernambuco, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Silva Cavalcanti ◽  
Priscila Nunes De Vasconcelos ◽  
Vanessa Messias Muniz ◽  
Natália Fernandes Dos Santos ◽  
Mônica Maria Osório
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Iron Heme ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between dietary iron intake and the occurrence of iron-deficiency anemia in agricultural workers' families from the municipality of Gameleira in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: The study population consisted of 46 harvesters' families, consisting of 225 individuals. The food intake of each individual was recorded on three different days by directly weighing the foods consumed. Hemoglobin was determined by fingerstick (HemoCue). This research used the probability of adequacy method to assess iron intake and the paired t test for comparing groups. The Spearman Mann-Whitney test estimated associations between the dietary variables and anemia. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was high in all ages groups and highest (67.6%) in children aged <5 years with a mean hemoglobin of 10.37 g/dL (±1.30 g/dL). Children aged <5 years had low percentage of iron intake adequacy (53.1%). Most of them consumed diets with low iron bioavailability (47.5%). Associations between the occurrence of anemia and dietary variables were significant for total iron (heme and nonheme), its bioavailabilities, and general meat intake. CONCLUSION: Inadequate dietary iron intake and inadequate intake of factors that facilitate iron absorption can be considered decisive for the occurrence of iron-deficiency anemia. Food insecurity occurs between family members, with some members being favored over others with regard to the intake of good dietary iron sources.

scholarly journals Anemia in pregnancy: cliniсо-pathogenetic approaches to the management of pregnancy

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Anna S. Atajanyan
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Oral Iron ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Anemia In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

The review article defines iron deficiency anemia, the mechanisms determining iron deficiency in pregnancy, the complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, the methods of correction and prevention of iron deficiency, including a modern alternative to oral iron intake-its intravenous forms, which contribute to a rapid increase of iron levels. And also do not have toxicity and are easily tolerated.

scholarly journals Ferroportin-Hepcidin Axis in Prepubertal Obese Children with Sufficient Daily Iron Intake

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Gajewska ◽  
Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz ◽  
Witold Klemarczyk ◽  
Ewa Głąb-Jabłońska ◽  
Halina Weker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Iron Concentrations

Iron metabolism may be disrupted in obesity, therefore, the present study assessed the iron status, especially ferroportin and hepcidin concentrations, as well as associations between the ferroportin-hepcidin axis and other iron markers in prepubertal obese children. The following were determined: serum ferroportin, hepcidin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), iron concentrations and values of hematological parameters as well as the daily dietary intake in 40 obese and 40 normal-weight children. The ferroportin/hepcidin and ferritin/hepcidin ratios were almost two-fold lower in obese children (p = 0.001; p = 0.026, respectively). Similar iron concentrations (13.2 vs. 15.2 µmol/L, p = 0.324), the sTfR/ferritin index (0.033 vs. 0.041, p = 0.384) and values of hematological parameters were found in obese and control groups, respectively. Iron daily intake in the obese children examined was consistent with recommendations. In this group, the ferroportin/hepcidin ratio positively correlated with energy intake (p = 0.012), dietary iron (p = 0.003) and vitamin B12 (p = 0.024). In the multivariate regression model an association between the ferroportin/hepcidin ratio and the sTfR/ferritin index in obese children (β = 0.399, p = 0.017) was found. These associations did not exist in the controls. The results obtained suggest that in obese children with sufficient iron intake, the altered ferroportin-hepcidin axis may occur without signs of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia. The role of other micronutrients, besides dietary iron, may also be considered in the iron status of these children.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Determinants of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Adolescents Girls of Low Income Communities in Lahore

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Hassan ◽  
Shafya Salim ◽  
Ayesha Humayun
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Low Income Families

AbstractBackground:  Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in adolescent girls has strong health implications during re-productive years. Current research aimed to assess prevalence and determinants of iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls of low income families residing in semi urban communities of Lahore, Pakistan.Method:  This cross sectional analytical study selected 116 unmarried adolescent girls between the ages of 13 – 19 years from low income families through convenience sampling from semi-urban communities. Dietary data was collected using 3 – day recall, whereas a self-constructed, structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic factors. Hemoglobin and serum Ferritin levels were assessed along with an assessment of clinical signs and symptoms of folate and iron deficiency. Data was enteredand analyzed using SPSS version 21.Results:  IDA was present in 68.8% of adolescent girls, of which 40.2% were moderately (8 – 10 gm/dl) and 28.8% were mildly (10.9 – 11.9 gm/dl) anemic. Working status (p < 0.041), source of dietary iron (p < 0.001), frequency of heme iron consumption (p < 0.001), protein consumption/day (p < 0.001) and HEI score (p < 0.001) showed statistically significant association with IDA. Binary regression analysis showed frequency of heme iron consumption [AOR = 29.13, 95% CI (9.627 to 88.203)] and HEI score [AOR = 6.877, 95% CI (.065 to 44.405]) to be the most significantly associated determinant of IDA. Mean Hb level was also significantly different between working and nonworking adolescents (p = 0.001, 95% CI = -1.124 to -0.322). Significant mean difference in serum Ferritin levels between working and nonworking adolescents (p = 0.04 [95% CI = -21.89 to -0.50]) was also observed. 94% and 91% girls showed signs and symptoms of iron and folate deficiency respectively. How-ever BMI, age, educational status of the girls and their parents were not found to be associated with IDA.Conclusion:  Prevalence of IDA was alarmingly high in adolescent girls of low socioeconomic class. Working status, source of dietary iron, frequency of heme iron consumption, protein consumption/day and HEI score were found to be determining anemia. Nutrition education targeting IDA is the need of the day to control and prevent this public health epidemic.

scholarly journals IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (09) ◽  
pp. 1092-1098
Author(s):  
Ghazala Masood Farrukh ◽  
Zainab Hasan ◽  
Samar Ikram ◽  
Batha Tariq
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Intake

Globally about two billion people suffer from anemia of various types amongstwhich Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent type. According to National NutritionSurvey of Pakistan 2011 (NNS), 50.4 % of non-pregnant females suffer from IDA, despite thefact that a variety of low cost, indigenous food sources of iron are available, affordable andaccessible in Pakistan. IDA is a risk factor for complications of pregnancy and low birth weightbaby and is also an independent cause of morbidity and mortality in all ages. Therefore thisstudy was conducted to determine the dietary patterns of iron intake in females of reproductiveage group who had IDA without any other known cause. Study Design: A cross sectionalstudy. Setting: Three tertiary care centers of Ziauddin Hospital located at Clifton, Kemari andNorth Nazimabad. Methods: Reproductive age females suffering from IDA according to theirCBC profile within three months prior to the study were selected through purposive sampling.Females taking iron supplements or with any known cause of iron deficiency were excluded.Total of 141 eligible and consenting IDA patients filled a 7 Day dietary recall questionnaireto determine the iron intake of indigenously available iron rich foods and blood sample wascollected for hematological profiles and iron studies. Results: Mean iron intake was 6.41 ±4.39 mg/day. Median heme and non heme iron intake was 8.0 mg and 28.0 mg per week,respectively. 52.4% of our study population had moderate IDA, 38.2% had pica for one or moresubstance and almost all suffered from one or more symptoms of iron deficiency. Majority ofthe population was consuming non-heme sources of iron. Conclusion: The iron consumptionfrom indigenous dietary sources is very low and contributes significantly to development of IDA.Increasing awareness regarding signs and symptoms of IDA and common dietary sources ofiron will contribute to screening, early diagnosis and correction of the iron deficit thus promotinghealth and preventing complications.

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