Comparison between two methods of supplemental iron intake to prevent iron deficiency anemia in the first year of life of preterm infants

2002 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-20
Author(s):  
Gisele M.C. Vianna ◽  
Arthur L. Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
First Year ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Iron Status of Infants in the First Year of Life in Northern Taiwan

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiao-Ming Chen ◽  
Shu-Ci Mu ◽  
Chun-Kuang Shih ◽  
Yi-Ling Chen ◽  
Li-Yi Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
First Year ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Northern Taiwan

Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) typically occur in developing countries. Notably, ID and IDA can affect an infant’s emotion, cognition, and development. Breast milk is considered the best food for infants. However, recent studies have indicated that breastfeeding for more than six months increases the risk of ID. This study investigated the prevalence of ID and IDA, as well as the association between feeding type and iron nutritional status in northern Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted on infants who returned to the well-baby clinic for routine examination from October 2012 to January 2014. Overall, 509 infants aged 1–12 months completed the iron nutritional status analysis, anthropometric measurement, and dietary intake assessment, including milk and complementary foods. The results revealed that 49 (10%) and 21 (4%) infants in their first year of life had ID and IDA, respectively, based on the World Health Organization criteria. Breastfed infants had a higher prevalence rate of ID and IDA than mixed-fed and formula-fed infants (p < 0.001). Regarding biomarkers of iron status, plasma hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, and transferrin saturation (%) levels were significantly lower in ID and IDA groups. The prevalence of ID and IDA were 3.7% and 2.7%, respectively, in infants under six months of age, but increased to 20.4% and 6.6%, respectively, in infants above six months of age. The healthy group had a higher total iron intake than ID and IDA groups, mainly derived from infant formula. The total dietary iron intake was positively correlated with infants’ Hb levels. Compared with formula-fed infants, the logistic regression revealed that the odds ratio for ID was 2.157 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.369–3.399) and that for IDA was 4.196 (95% CI: 1.780–9.887) among breastfed infants (p < 0.001) after adjusted for all confounding factors (including gestational week, birthweight, sex, body weight percentile, body length percentile, age of infants, mothers’ BMI, gestational weight gain, education level, and hemoglobin level before delivery). In conclusion, our results determined that breastfeeding was associated with an increased the prevalence of ID and/or IDA, especially in infants above six months. This suggests that mothers who prolonged breastfeed after six months could provide high-quality iron-rich foods to reduce the prevalence of ID and IDA.

Whole Cow Milk Feeding Between 6 and 12 Months of Age? Go Back to 1976

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 187-189
Author(s):  
Frank A. Oski
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
First Year ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Milk Feeding

In 1976, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that the non-breast-fed infant receive an iron-fortified proprietary formula during the entire first year of life.1 In 1983, the Committee on Nutrition reversed the previous recommendation and concluded, "If breast-feeding has been completely discontinued and infants are consuming one third of their calories as supplemental foods consisting of a balanced mixture of cereal, vegetables, fruits, and other foods, whole cow milk may be introduced."2 The Committee, in their report, acknowledged the fact that "there are many unanswered questions concerning the use of whole cow milk in the second half year of life." I believe that we now have answers to some of these questions and that we should return to the original recommendation discouraging the use of whole cow milk (WCM) until infants have reached their first birthday. Studies performed since the 1983 report have demonstrated that the introduction of WCM prior to the first birthday is associated with an increased risk of occult gastrointestinal bleeding3 and an increased incidence of iron deficiency anemia.4,5 In addition, iron deficiency anemia in infants less than 1 year of age has been shown to be associated with cognitive and psychomotor impairment6-8; such impairment may not be correctable with iron therapy.7-9

IRON-FORTIFIED FORMULAS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-786
Author(s):  
L. J. Filer ◽  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Richard B. Goldbloom ◽  
Malcolm A. Holliday ◽  
Robert W. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Feeding Problems ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Recent Statement ◽  
Marketing Information

In its recent statement on iron,1 the Committee on Nutrition emphasized the value of iron-fortified, proprietary milk formulas for the prevention of iron-deficiency anemia of infancy. Despite this recommendation, the most recent marketing information available to the Committee shows that more than 70% of the proprietary formulas currently prescribed by physicians do not contain added iron. The reasons for continuing routine use of formulas not fortified with iron are not entirely clear. One reason may be that some physicians still believe iron additives increase the incidence of feeding problems or gastrointestinal disturbances. There is no documented evidence that this is a significant problem. The Committee strongly recommends when proprietary formulas are prescribed that iron-supplemented formulas be used routinely as the standard–that is, that this be the rule rather than the exception. There seems to be little justification for continued general use of proprietary formulas not fortified with iron. The Committee is fully aware that only a small percentage of American infants are fed proprietary formulas after 6 months of age. Fluid whole milk (available in bottle or carton ) or evaporated milk, both of which contain only trace amounts of iron, are substituted at the time of greatest iron need and highest prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. The infant's diet is usually deficient in iron, unless other foods are carefully selected to insure adequate iron intake. Since the major dietary component during infancy is milk, two courses of action should be taken: (1) Pediatricians and other health professionals should engage in a program of public education to convince American mothers to provide their infants with a source of dietary iron.

scholarly journals Anemia in pregnancy: cliniсо-pathogenetic approaches to the management of pregnancy

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Anna S. Atajanyan
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Oral Iron ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Anemia In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

The review article defines iron deficiency anemia, the mechanisms determining iron deficiency in pregnancy, the complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, the methods of correction and prevention of iron deficiency, including a modern alternative to oral iron intake-its intravenous forms, which contribute to a rapid increase of iron levels. And also do not have toxicity and are easily tolerated.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METABOLIC STATUS OF CHILDREN OF THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE WITH PROTEIN-ENERGY DEFICIENCY DEPENDING ON THE GESTATIONAL AGE AT BIRTH

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 405-410
Author(s):  
I. V. Gorbacheva ◽  
O. U. Kuznetsova ◽  
F. N. Gilmiyarova ◽  
D. V. Pechkurov ◽  
L. N. Vinogradova
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
First Year ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
First Year Of Life

Comparative analysis of energy-plastic exchange indicators in mature and premature children of the first year of life in the development of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) was carried out. Unidirectional changes are revealed, including an increase in creatinine, lactate and creatine phosphokinase activity levels, suggesting a n increasing muscle mass deficit against the background of glucose anaerobic oxidation activation. In preterm infants, glucose and triacylglicerine levels decrease, which reflects uncompensated insufficiency of energy substrates and, accordingly, ATP level. Multidirectional deviations in metabolism are pyruvate and ATP content: increase in full-term infants and decrease in preterm infants, that should be taken into account when monitoring condition of children with PEM. A significant decrease of pyruvic acid in preterm infants against the background of the levels of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, and transferrin, not exceeding reference values, can obviously testify to the active use of this integral metabolite to maintain the fund of substituted amino acids. Development of this pathology in both mature and premature infants creates a pre-morbid background for iron deficiency anemia-diagnostic panel, which should be supplemented by calculation of transferrin saturation coefficient. Regardless of gestational age in childbirth during the formation of PEM, the lipid spectrum is rearranged according to atherogenic type: at normal values of total cholesterol, there is a significant increase in low and very low density lipoproteins with an increase in the atherogenicity coefficient. This singles out children with the pathology in question as a risk group for the development of the atherosclerotic process later, which justifies the recommendation to control the lipid profile in children of the first year of life.

MARKETING STUDY OF MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS FOR THERAPY OF IRON DEFICIENT ANEMIA AT THE MUNICIPAL LEVEL

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Goryachev A.B. ◽  
Kabakova T.I. ◽  
Khachatryan M.M.
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
Trade Names ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Municipal Level

According to the World Health Organization, iron deficiency anemia affects more than 30% of the world's population. In the Russian Federation, anemia is diagnosed in 35,6% of pregnant women, and the prevalence rate among children in the first year of life is about 83,8 ‰. In the Stavropol Territory, more than 10 thousand cases of anemia are registered annually, of which half are the first. More than 20% of these cases are diagnosed in children and adolescents. In this regard, there is a steady dynamics in the consumption of a specific nomenclature of antianemic drugs at various levels of the drug supply system: federal, regional and municipal. The purpose of the work was to analyze the availability of antianemic drugs used in the treatment of patients living in the city of Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Territory. In the course of work, we used methods of content analysis, analytical, direct observation, grouping and comparison. The studies were carried out from november 2019 to february 2020 on the basis of 11 pharmacy of various legal forms included in the pharmacy chains «Vita +», «Gorzdrav», and the «Pharmacy Warehouse» located in Pyatigorsk. When studying the pharmaceutical range of antianemic drugs, it was found that at the municipal level it includes 12 trade names of drugs based on Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Analysis of the liquidity of the prices of antianemic drugs in the pharmacies of Pyatigorsk and the solvency of the population showed the economic affordability of most of the studied range of drugs for patients. An analysis of the width and depth of the range of antianemic drugs for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia revealed the presence of reserves for increasing the range of products for patients. It is concluded that it is necessary to consolidate the efforts of medical and pharmaceutical workers to expand the range of antianemic drugs used by patients, which will increase the quality of medical care.

IRON DEFICIENCY IN THE PREMATURE INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-374
Author(s):  
John A. James ◽  
Mollie Combes
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
First Year ◽  
Iron Dextran ◽  
Clinical Applicability ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Prematurely Born Infants ◽  
Common Infections

Iron-dextran was given intramuscularly to 84 small prematurely born babies during their stay in the nursery; 97 similar babies were not so treated and served as controls. By 8 to 10 weeks of age, values for hemoglobin in the babies who received iron-dextran were significantly higher than in the controls and remained high throughout the first year. Virtually all of the control babies became anemic and hemoglobin levels below 5 gm/100 ml were observed in four infants. There was no difference in the rate of growth or in the incidence of common infections in the two groups. It is concluded that intramuscular injections of iron given prophylactically in the nursery will effectively prevent iron-deficiency anemia in premature infants and that this practice has definite clinical applicability. (See Addendum.) Prevention of iron deficiency anemia does not reduce the high incidence of common infections experienced by prematurely born infants.

scholarly journals Dietary Iron Intake Does Not Predict Anemia, Iron Deficiency or Iron Deficiency Anemia Among 12-month Old Rwandan Children (P10-124-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Matsiko ◽  
Alida Melse-Boonstra ◽  
Lisine Tuyisenge ◽  
Edith J M Feskens
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Abstract Objectives In Rwanda, anemia affects 38% of all under five and 61% of those aged 9–11 months old; however, the contribution of diet to anemia remains less known. This study aimed to assess if dietary iron intake predicts the risk of anemia and iron deficiency among Rwandan children of 12 months old. Methods A longitudinal study of 192 children was conducted in 2016–2018 in a rural setting in Rwanda. We measured hemoglobin concentration, and collected blood samples from the infant-mother pairs at birth, 4 and 12 months post-partum. Plasma or serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and α-Acid Glycoprotein (AGP) concentrations were measured using sandwich ELISA technique. Body iron stores were calculated from the sTfR/Ferritin ratio. Hemoglobin and ferritin values were adjusted for altitude and infection, respectively. Dietary iron intake data were collected using a full 24-hour recall, and the intake of iron from micronutrient powders was captured by questionnaire. Predictors of anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia at 12 months of age were modelled using Cox proportional hazard regression with robust variance. Results Anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) occurred in 73%, 56%, and 44% of the infants at 4 months, and 48%, 88% and 45% of the children at 12 months, respectively. For their mothers, anemia, ID, and IDA occurred in 12%, 59%, and 9% at 4 months, and 12%, 49%, and 8% at 12 months. Child's dietary iron intake did not significantly predict anemia [PR = 1.00 (0.96–1.04)], ID [PR = 0.99 (0.98–1.01)], or IDA [PR = 0.99 (0.95–1.03)] at 12 months. However, this study revealed that the child's hemoglobin concentration at birth was inversely associated with anemia at 12 months [PR = 0.92 (0.86–0.99)], whereas inflammation [PR = 1.23 (1.03–1.46)] and IDA at 4 months [PR = 1.44 (1.04–1.99)] increased the risk of anemia at 12 months. Presence of inflammation additionally predicted risk of IDA at 12 months [PR = 1.27 (1.05–1.54)]. Conclusions While dietary iron intake is not a significant predictor of anemia, 94% of anemia cases coincide with ID at 12 months of age. In addition, inflammation is the most important predictor of anemia and IDA at this age. Therefore, prevention of inflammation is crucial to make dietary measures effective. Funding Sources Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Rwanda; UNICEF Rwanda; Nuffic.

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