THE HISTOCHEMICAL NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM REDUCTION TEST IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE INFECTIONS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267
Author(s):  
James R. Humbert ◽  
Melvin I. Marks ◽  
William E. Hathaway ◽  
Christine H. Thoren
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Nbt Reduction ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections ◽  
Neutrophil Dysfunction

Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by phagocytic leukocytes was investigated histochemically in 296 subjects with and without infections. Among 130 patients with noninfectious diseases, osteogenesis imperfecta patients and their relatives, and hemophiliacs frequently displayed high NBT-reduction values in their neutrophils. Four percent of the other noninfected patients yielded NBT-reduction values higher than normal in their neutrophils and were considered to have "false-positive" NBT-reduction tests. Most patients with acute bacterial infections (83%) showed an increased percentage of NBT-positive neutrophils. In patients who did not respond to a bacterial infection by increasing their percentage of NBT-positive neutrophils, there was suggestive evidence of a state of neutrophil dysfunction. Eighty-four percent of patients with viral or tuberculous infections demonstrated normal percentages of NBT-positive neutrophils. Acute bacterial infections were most often associated with a high percent of NBT-positive neutrophils, while low values predominated in viral infections regardless of the patient's total leukocyte counts. The NBT histochemical test would appear to be a useful adjunct to microbiologic techniques in establishing the diagnosis in patients with suspected infection.

scholarly journals C-reactive protein velocity discriminates between acute viral and bacterial infections in patients who present with relatively low CRP concentrations

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bernstein ◽  
Dan Coster ◽  
Shlomo Berliner ◽  
Itzhak Shapira ◽  
David Zeltser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
P Value ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections

Abstract Background To assess the utility of C-reactive protein (CRP) velocity to discriminate between patients with acute viral and bacterial infections who presented with relatively low CRP concentrations and were suspected of having a bacterial infection. Methods We analyzed a retrospective cohort of patients with acute infections who presented to the emergency department (ED) with a relatively low first CRP measurement (CRP1) ≤ 31.9 mg/L and received antibiotics shortly after. We then calculated C-reactive protein velocity (CRPv), milligram per liter per hour, for each patient based on CRP1 and the second CRP value (CRP2) measured within the first 24 h since admission. Finally, we compared CRPv between patients with bacterial and viral infections. Results We have presently analyzed 74 patients with acute bacterial infections and 62 patients with acute viral infections at the mean age of 80 and 66 years respectively, 68 male and 68 female. CRP1 did not differ between both groups of patients (16.2 ± 8.6 and 14.8 ± 8.5 for patients with viral and bacterial infections respectively, p value = 0.336). However, the CRP2 was significantly different between the groups (30.2 ± 21.9 and 75.6 ± 51.3 for patients with viral and bacterial infections respectively, p-value < 0.001) and especially the CRPv was much higher in patients with acute bacterial infections compared to patients with acute viral infections (0.9 ± 1.2 and 4.4 ± 2.7 respectively, p-value < 0.001). Conclusion CRPv and CRP2 are useful biomarkers that can discriminate significantly between patients who present with acute bacterial and viral infections, and relatively low CRP concentration upon admission who were suspected of having a bacterial infection.

scholarly journals Human Neutrophil Lipocalin as a Superior Diagnostic Means To Distinguish between Acute Bacterial and Viral Infections

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1025-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Venge ◽  
Lena Douhan-Håkansson ◽  
Daniel Garwicz ◽  
Christer Peterson ◽  
Shengyuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Neutrophil ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Acute Infections

ABSTRACTThe distinction between causes of acute infections is a major clinical challenge. Current biomarkers, however, are not sufficiently accurate. Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) concentrations in serum or whole blood activated by formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) were shown to distinguish acute infections of bacterial or viral cause with high accuracy. The aim was therefore to compare the clinical performance of HNL with currently used biomarkers. Seven hundred twenty-five subjects (144 healthy controls and 581 patients with signs and symptoms of acute infections) were included in the study. C-reactive protein (CRP), the expression of CD64 on neutrophils, procalcitonin (PCT), and blood neutrophil counts were measured by established techniques, and HNL concentrations were measured in whole-blood samples after activation with fMLP. All tested biomarkers were elevated in bacterial as opposed to viral infections (P< 0.001). CRP, PCT, and CD64 expression in neutrophils was elevated in viral infections compared to healthy controls (P< 0.001). In the distinction between healthy controls and patients with bacterial infections, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were >0.85 for all biomarkers, whereas for the distinction between bacterial and viral infections, only HNL concentration in fMLP-activated whole blood showed an area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of >0.90 and superior clinical performance. The clinical performance of HNL in fMLP-activated whole blood was superior to current biomarkers and similar to previous results of HNL in serum. The procedure can be adopted for point-of-care testing with response times of <15 min.

scholarly journals The biochemical basis of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in normal human and chronic granulomatous disease polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Baehner ◽  
LA Boxer ◽  
J Davis
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium ◽  
Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Nbt Reduction ◽  
Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Tetrazolium Reduction

Normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) placed in anaerobic chambers reaching pO2's of less than 5 mm Hg fail to generate O2-, iodinate ingested particles, and stimulate glucose-1–14C oxidation through the hexose monophosphate shunt. The observation that anaerobic cells are incapable of generating O2- or reducing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan supports the idea that NBT reduction in phagocytizing PMN is due exclusively to oxygen-dependent O2- generating oxidase which is deficient in chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes, despite their hyperphagocytic capacity.

scholarly journals Leukocytes respiratory burst and lysozyme level in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887)

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1133-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS. Abreu ◽  
CM. Marzocchi-Machado ◽  
AC. Urbaczek ◽  
LM. Fonseca ◽  
EC. Urbinati
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Burst ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium ◽  
Tropical Fish ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Piaractus Mesopotamicus ◽  
Chemiluminescence Assay ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction ◽  
Nbt Reduction

Innate immune responses are useful to determine the health status of fish and to evaluate the effect of immunomodulatory substances in fish farming. Leukocytes respiratory burst was measured in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) using chemiluminescence assay and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay. The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction seemed more adequate than chemiluminescence assay for leukocytes oxidative burst determination, since it was difficult to isolate the blood leucocytes for chemiluminescence assay. Plasma and serum lysozyme were measured using a turbidimetric assay. The heating of serum and plasma samples (56 ºC for 30 minutes) for complement system inactivation darkened the plasma samples and interfered in the results. The lysozyme activity in serum was higher than in plasma, suggesting that serum samples are more appropriate for the analysis. This study established protocols that can be useful tools in the study of immune mechanisms of the tropical fish pacu.

Has the Nitroblue Tetrazolium Test Proved Itself?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-311
Author(s):  
Victor B. Abello
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Nbt Test ◽  
Nbt Reduction ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium Test

I followed with interest the use of the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test in the differential diagnosis of viral and bacterial infections.1-3 My enthusiasm, however, has been slowly dampened. With more work being done, there has been increasing awareness of the different false-positive and false-negative results.2-5 Consequently, I believe its clinical value is waning even before the test has been generally made available to practitioners. The NBT test will probably fall in the category of WBC and differential in its use in differentiating viral from bacterial infections, which similarly has numerous false-positive and false-negative results and has to be correlated clinically.

Secondary immunodeficiency and other host-defence syndromes

2013 ◽  
pp. 81-118
Author(s):  
Gavin P Spickett
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Secondary Immunodeficiency ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1

Introduction Classification of secondary immunodeficiency Human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 Epstein–Barr virus Other viral infections Acute bacterial infections Chronic bacterial sepsis Bronchiectasis Fungal and parasitic infections Malignancy Myeloma Lymphoma: Hodgkin’s disease Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and myelodysplastic syndromes...

scholarly journals Evaluation of Opsonic and Leukocyte Function With a Spectrophotometric Test in Patients With Infection and With Phagocytic Disorders

Blood ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Stossel
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium ◽  
Opsonic Activity ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction ◽  
Leukocyte Function ◽  
Escherichia Coli Lipopolysaccharide ◽  
Tetrazolium Reduction ◽  
Oil Red O

Abstract Paraffin oil droplets containing Oil Red O and coated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide were ingested rapidly by human peripheral blood phagocytes only if they were pretreated with normal serum. This property formed the basis of a screening test in which lipopolysaccharide-coated particles were opsonized with patients’ serums and then were added to autologous leukocytes suspended in two portions, one of which contained nitroblue tetrazolium. After these incubations the cells were washed and extracted with dioxane. Oil Red O and nitroblue tetrazolium formazan in the dioxane extracts were spectrophotometrically assayed, thereby providing simultaneous determinations of the initial rates of ingestion and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. The test differentiated opsonically-deficient serums and chronic granulomatous disease phagocytes from normals. Serums from individuals with bacterial infections had supernormal opsonic activity, and leukocytes from these patients had increased rates of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in response to ingestion.

scholarly journals The biochemical basis of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in normal human and chronic granulomatous disease polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Baehner ◽  
LA Boxer ◽  
J Davis
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium ◽  
Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Nbt Reduction ◽  
Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Tetrazolium Reduction

Abstract Normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) placed in anaerobic chambers reaching pO2's of less than 5 mm Hg fail to generate O2-, iodinate ingested particles, and stimulate glucose-1–14C oxidation through the hexose monophosphate shunt. The observation that anaerobic cells are incapable of generating O2- or reducing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan supports the idea that NBT reduction in phagocytizing PMN is due exclusively to oxygen-dependent O2- generating oxidase which is deficient in chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes, despite their hyperphagocytic capacity.

scholarly journals THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin M. MacLeod ◽  
Oswald T. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Normal Human Serum ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Immunological Specificity ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Immunological Reactions ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections

The C-reactive protein present in the albumin fraction of the serum of patients during certain acute bacterial infections is highly antigenic upon injection into rabbits. The antiserum thus prepared reacts specifically with this protein and does not react with the proteins of normal human serum. Immunological specificity has been demonstrated by both precipitin and complement-fixation tests. Antiserum prepared in rabbits to the C-reactive protein from human sources also reacts specifically with the similar protein in the serum of monkeys acutely ill with experimental pneumococcus infection. By means of immunological reactions it is possible to detect amounts of reactive protein which are too small to yield a visible precipitate in tests with the C polysaccharide. Certain of the properties are discussed which distinguish the C-reactive protein from the proteins of normal human serum.

scholarly journals CHANGES PRODUCED IN MOUSE PLASMA PROTEINS BY ACUTE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

1961 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis A. Williams ◽  
Courtney T. Wemyss
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Striking Increase ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections

The immunoelectrophoretic patterns of plasma proteins from mice are altered significantly by acute infections. Some proteins are dissociated into two or more components, some showed striking increase in plasma concentration, others are depleted, and certain ones appear which are undetectable in normal samples. ß1-C dissociated into two electrophoretic components under a variety of conditions in addition to infections. Endotoxins and killed organisms in vivo, and specific precipitate absorption, heat and aging in vitro produced this change. Endotoxins injected into mice also induced a rise in haptoglobin though not as sharply or predictably as acute infection. Preliminary results with samples from hospital patients with acute diseases are discussed. It was concluded that study of experimental diseases in laboratory animals by these techniques could provide a fruitful basis for the investigation of the plasma protein changes in similar human diseases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document