Ultrasonography in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
Herman Grossman ◽  
Alvin Felman ◽  
John A. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Charles H. Shopfner ◽  
Leonard E. Swischuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Diagnostic Study ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Valve Motion ◽  
Acquired Heart Disease ◽  
Ventricular Wall Thickness ◽  
Human Hearing ◽  
Pass Through

Ultrasound is the manifestation of a high frequency mechanical vibration. The sound waves produced are beyond the range of human hearing, i.e., 1 to 10 mHz. The sound waves travel through liquids and solids but cannot pass through air or vacuum. Ultrasonic energy is produced by a transducer, the power to which is supplied by a high-voltage pulsing circuit in an amplifier (ultrasonoscope). Ultrasonography has been used successfully in the examination of pediatric patients. One of the most common uses has been to measure shifts of the midline structures of the brain. By utilizing the standard echoencephalographic approach established for adults, and positioning the transducer above the ears in the temporoparietal regions, echoes are recorded from the midline structures. Ultrasonography is used as a preliminary study prior to more definitive procedures such as pneumoencephalography or arteriography, particularly in the presence of localizing signs. It has also been used to detect hydrocephalus and to follow changes in ventricular size which occur after ventricular shunting procedures. In fact, this is the easiest way to serially monitor the response to decompression. In many hospitals, ultrasonagraphy is considered to be the primary diagnostic study for the detection of pericardial effusion. Ultrasonic examination of the heart of pediatric patients with suspected congenital or acquired heart disease appears to be a promising new diagnostic technique. It has been successfully used to evaluate a number of abnormalities: great vessel transposition, cardiac chamber size and position, valve motion, and ventricular wall thickness. Extensive research is in progress to establish both normal values and patterns for differentiating various congenital abnormalities.

Uses of ultrasonic cleaners in paleontological laboratories

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Pojeta ◽  
Marija Balanc
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Soft Materials ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Pressure Waves ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Ultrasonic Cleaning ◽  
Cleaning Solution ◽  
Rubber Cloth ◽  
Human Hearing

Ultrasonic cleaning is a fast and usually safe method for cleaning many hard objects that are not glued together, and it is thus useful in paleontological laboratories. It is relatively ineffective for cleaning soft materials such as rubber, cloth, and fibers. Ultrasonic cleaning machines use sound waves, or mechanical vibrations, that are above the human hearing range, and operate at frequences up to 55,000 cycles per second. The sound waves are generated by a transducer (Figure 1), which changes high frequency electrical energy to mechanical energy. This mechanical energy, or vibration, is then coupled into the liquid in the cleaning tank. The vibrations cause alternating high and low pressure waves in the liquid. This action forms millions of microscopic bubbles, which expand during low pressure waves and form small cavities. During the high pressure waves, these cavities collapse, or implode, creating a mechanical scrubbinglike action, which loosens dirt on all surfaces in contact with the cleaning solution. This action can take place up to 55,000 times a second, making it seem as though the dirt is being blasted from the surface and cavities of the object being cleaned. Ultrasonic cleaning is effective wherever capillary action will take the solution. Complete cleaning usually requires from 30 seconds to two minutes (Anonymous, 1983).

Pore-scale investigation of immiscible displacement process in porous media under high-frequency sound waves

2011 ◽  
Vol 680 ◽  
pp. 336-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHOSROW NADERI ◽  
TAYFUN BABADAGLI
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Wave Frequency ◽  
Immiscible Displacement ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Ultrasonic Radiation ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Injection Rates

Although experimental and theoretical studies have been performed to identify the effects of elastic waves on multi-phase flow in porous structures, the literature lacks finely tuned experiments at the micro-scale. This paper reports observations and critical analysis of immiscible displacement in micro-scale porous media under ultrasonic energy. A number of experiments are performed on homogeneous and heterogeneous micromodels for varying wave frequency and power, initial water saturation, wettability and injection rates. We show that ultrasonic radiation influences the displacement pattern and yields lower residual non-wetting phase (oil) behind when low injection rates are applied. Higher wave frequency results in faster recovery of oil, but the ultimate recovery is controlled mainly by wave intensity. The presence of initial water saturation has a positive effect on the displacement, especially in an oil-wet medium. Of the possible mechanisms suggested for recovery enhancement under ultrasonic radiation, deformation of pore walls and change in fluid properties due to heating are not an issue in these experiments but other mechanisms including coalescence of oil droplets under oscillation, reduction of wetting films, adherence to grains and the peristaltic movement of fluids due to mechanical vibration were observed to be effective and are discussed in the analysis of the visual observations.

TRACHEOSTOMIES IN 100 PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL AND ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
B S. Marino ◽  
A Nathan ◽  
A Lee ◽  
C Ravishankar ◽  
S Tabbutt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Acquired Heart Disease

scholarly journals Uji Diagnostik Filariasis Menggunakan Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) Brugia malayi terhadap Pemeriksaan Mikroskopis di Desa Buntoi Kabupaten Gunung Mas, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Gadis Rinaty Susanty ◽  
Hernayanti Hernayanti ◽  
Dwi Sarwani Sri Rejeki
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Brugia Malayi ◽  
Diagnostic Study ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Kalimantan

Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province is one of the endemic filariasis areas with Microfilaria rate of 3.4%. One of the efforts made to control this problem is Mass Drug Administration once a year for 5 years. Currently, the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) method is being developed, a quick and easy diagnostic technique to detect the presence of parasites in the patient's body. This study aims to determine the results of the filariasis diagnostic test using the Brugia malayi RDT on the microscopic examination in Buntoi Village, Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach with the research subjects all residents of Buntoi Village with inclusion and exclusion criteria totaling 161 samples. Collecting data was carried out by examination and interviews with questionnaires. Data analysis by calculating the microfilaria rate, sensitivity and specificity and calculating the frequency distribution of research variables. Data is presented in percentage form and displayed in tabular form. The results of the diagnostic study of B. malayi RDT and the microscopic examination were the same, i.e all were negative and no microfilariae were found. The diagnostic test for filariasis RDT Brugia malayi  on microscopic examination (SDJ) obtained 0% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 0% Positive Predictive Value and 100% Negative Predictive Value. The level of public knowledge about filariasis includes 61% good category, knowledge of MDA 40% good category and knowledge about prevention of filariasis in good category 53%.

scholarly journals A new experiment for gravitational wave detection

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Basem Ghayour ◽  
Jafar Khodagholizadeh ◽  
Christian Corda ◽  
Ming-Lei Tong ◽  
Ali Ghayour
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Gravitational Wave ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Wave Detection ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Local Observer ◽  
Pass Through

A new experiment for gravitational waves (GWs) detection is proposed. It is shown that the effect of GWs on sound waves (SWs) in a fluid is that GWs vary the pressure of the fluid as they pass through it. This variation can be found by analysing the gauge of the local observer. It is shown that one can, in principle, detect GWs through the proposed new experiment. The variation of the pressure of the fluid, which represents detected signals, is indeed much higher than the corresponding values of GW amplitudes. The examples of rotating neutron stars (NSs) and relic GWs are discussed. Remarkably, a comparison of the proposed new method with a previous paper of Singh et al. (New J. Phys. 19, 073023 (2017). doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/aa78cb ) on a similar approach shows a possible improvement of the sensitivity concerning the potential detection of GWs. It must be emphasized that this proposed procedure may be difficult in practical experiments because of the presence of different types of noise. For this reason, a section of the paper is dedicated to the discussion of such noise. On the other hand, this paper must be considered as pioneering the new proposed approach. Thus, we hope that in future more precise studies of the noise that concerns the proposed new experiment will be done.

DE-based capacitive micro-speakers for generating directional audible sound

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (10) ◽  
pp. 1325-1334
Author(s):  
Mohammad Soosani ◽  
Mohammad Fathalilou ◽  
Ghader Rezazadeh ◽  
Mohammad Homaei
Keyword(s):  
Smart Materials ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Deformation Energy ◽  
Dielectric Elastomer ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems ◽  
Audible Sound ◽  
Human Hearing

Although silicon is the most used material in micro-electro-mechanical-systems, due to the excellent mechanical properties, it has poor performance for generating audible sound by capacitive micro-speakers. This paper studies the capability of dielectric elastomer material instead for generating the directional sound in the human hearing regime. Dielectric elastomers are a branch of smart materials with high desired and practical specifications such as large deformation, energy-efficient, lightweight, biocompatible, and fast response which share the common characteristics of changing their shape under an applied electrical voltage or charge. An elastic circular dielectric elastomer micro-plate with compliant electrodes on both sides suspended over the unmoving plate as a capacitive micro-structure has been modeled as a diaphragm of the micro-speaker. Then the Bessel panel array has been considered in a square matrix form composed of the number of dielectric elastomer micro-speakers. The nonlinear equation of the vibrations of a micro-speaker’s diaphragm under an electrostatic loading and equations of the sound pressure and sound radiation pattern have been presented and solved. The results have shown that utilizing dielectric elastomer-based micro-speakers in a Bessel panel array can generate a directional audible sound pressure in the human hearing range. In addition, the results clear that the desired sound waves in the human audible range and a private or personal listening zone can be produced through adopting an optimal value among the excitation frequencies, diaphragm numbers, radii and inter-element spaces of a Bessel panel array.

scholarly journals Development of Optophone with No Diaphragm and Application to Sound Measurement in Jet Flow

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshito Sonoda ◽  
Yoichi Nakazono
Keyword(s):  
Sound Field ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Plasma Diagnostic ◽  
Sound Detection ◽  
Visible Laser ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
Sound Measurement ◽  
Electron Density Fluctuations

The optophone with no diaphragm, which can detect sound waves without disturbing flow of air and sound field, is presented as a novel sound measurement technique and the present status of development is reviewed in this paper. The method is principally based on the Fourier optics and the sound signal is obtained by detecting ultrasmall diffraction light generated from phase modulation by sounds. The principle and theory, which have been originally developed as a plasma diagnostic technique to measure electron density fluctuations in the nuclear fusion research, are briefly introduced. Based on the theoretical analysis, property and merits as a wave-optical sound detection are presented, and the fundamental experiments and results obtained so far are reviewed. It is shown that sounds from about 100 Hz to 100 kHz can be simultaneously detected by a visible laser beam, and the method is very useful to sound measurement in aeroacoustics. Finally, present main problems of the optophone for practical uses in sound and/or noise measurements and the image of technology expected in the future are shortly shown.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Sonopattern Ultrasonografi Kandung Empedu pada Kasus Cholelithiasis & Galbladder Polyp

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Fiddinillah Fiddinillah ◽  
Sriyatun Sriyatun ◽  
Nurbaiti Nurbaiti ◽  
Nursama Heru Apriantoro
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Gallbladder Wall ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Gallbladder Polyp ◽  
Acoustic Shadow ◽  
Ultrasound Device ◽  
Pass Through

On ultrasound examination of the gallbladder Cholelithiasis and Gallbladder Polyp usually have similar results but have their own characteristics that can differentiate. In the image results Cholelithiasis, which is usually called gallstones, has a characteristic Sonopattern Hyperechoic with an Acousstic Shadow behind it, where when using the technique the patient's position changes the stone according to the direction of Earth's gravity. While the results of the Gallbladder Polyp image, which is a tumor protrusion attached to the gallbladder wall, has the characteristic Sonopattern Hyperecoic without an acoustic shadow behind it, where when using the technique the patient's position changes not according to the direction of Earth's gravity. In both cases, the presence or absence of an acoustic shadow behind it is based on the density of the tissue that the sound waves pass through from the ultrasound device, so that when passing through the stone, the acoustic shadow is more visible than when passing through the tumor tissue.. Keywords: sonopattern ultrasound; cholelithiasis; gallbladder polyp ABSTRAK Pada pemeriksaan USG kandung empedu Cholelithiasis dan Gallbladder Polyp biasanya memiliki hasil gambaran yang serupa tetapi memiliki ciri khasnya masing-masing yang dapat membedakan. Pada hasil gambaran Cholelithiasis yang biasa disebut batu empedu memiliki ciri khas Sonopattern Hyperechoic dengan Acousstic Shadow di belakangnya, ketika menggunakan teknik dengan posisi pasien yang berubah batu mengikuti arah gravitasi bumi. Sementara pada hasil gambaran Gallbladder Polyp yang merupakan tonjolan tumor yang menempel pada dinding kandung empedu memiliki ciri khas Sonopattern Hyperecoic tanpa Accoustic Shadow dibelakangnya, dimana ketika menggunakan teknik dengan posisi pasien yang berubah tidak mengikuti arah gravitasi bumi. Pada kedua kasus ini ada tidaknya Accoustic Shadow di belakangnya didasari oleh kepadatan jaringan yang dilalui oleh gelombang suara dari alat USG, sehingga saat melewati batu lebih tampak Accoustic Shadow dibandingkan saat melewati jaringan tumor. Kata kunci: sonopattern ultrasound; cholelithiasis; gallbladder polyp

scholarly journals The Biophysical Function of the Human Inner Ear

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Janos Vincze ◽  
Gabriella Vincze-Tiszay
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cell ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Basilar Membrane ◽  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Auditory Nerves ◽  
Auditory Ossicles

The ear transforms soft mechanical vibration of air particles into electrical signals, which reach the appropriate part of the cerebral cortex for processing by means of auditory nerves. The process of the hearing is next: the eardrum vibrates from the sound waves; auditory ossicles amplify the stimulus; in an oval window, the vibration is transmitted to the fluid space of the inner ear; iIt vibrates the basilar membrane; what is pressed against the membrane tectoria; the stereocilliums of the hair cell bend, ion channels open; hair cell depolarizes; stimulus is dissipated in cerebrospinal fluid VIII (vestibulocochlearis); temporal lobe primary auditory cortex (Brodman 41, 42); association pathways: speech comprehension (Wernicke area). For the rising prevalence of psychoses (mental disorders) in the last decades among towns­people, these stimuli – as compared to the abandoned environment – and the adaptation to them may also play a definite role. The man, therefore, enjoying worths and conveniences of the civilization has to size every opportunity to get into the open, to compensate the monotony of the external stimuli, in a word, to grant his organism those stimuli which he claims as a biological creature. This human demand – it seems – is such a great physiological need that our organism cannot be without even in the evening. At least this turns out according to the researches relating sleep and dreaming.

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