DUNCAN'S DISEASES OF METABOLISM: ENDOCRINOLOGY, ed 7. Edited by Philip K. Bondy and Leon E. Rosenberg. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1974, $26; 736 pp

The endocrinology section of Duncan's Diseases of Metabolism comprises 736 pages, or about 44% of the total text. The division of this seventh edition of a classic text in the field is perhaps a logical expression of the splitting of endocrinology from metabolism as each field has grown tremendously in the past decade. The endocrinology portion is compact and easy to use because of this division, aided by the employment of thin, though substantial paper and small, but easily readable type. These combine to avoid the feeling of consulting a big-city telephone directory, which is so common with use of many of the standard textbooks of today. The illustrations are generally excellent and the 54-page index, which covers both sections of the book, is unusually thorough. As in all textbooks, many sections are outdated before they appear in print. Although the editors, Philip K. Bondy and Leon E. Rosenberg, propose to avoid this by means of a "last-minute" addendum, only two of the 13 chapters bear such, and one of these lists only three references, all dating to 1972. The other recent-developments section is longer and more helpful. The content is essentially that of general clinical endocrinology, each chapter using the standard approach of considering normal structure and function and then diseases in a gland arrangement, starting with the hypothalamus and traveling downward to the testis and ovary. A small chapter on acid-base balance seems out of place, whereas those on nonendocrine-secreting tumors and serotonin and the carcinoid syndrome are useful extensions of the scope of endocrinology.

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(PRO)RENIN RECEPTOR IN THE KIDNEY: FUNCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00259.2020 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gertrude Arthur ◽

Jeffrey L. Osborn ◽

Frederique B. Yiannikouris

Keyword(s):

Intracellular Signaling ◽

Collecting Duct ◽

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Cortical Collecting Duct ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Kidney Fibrosis ◽

Prorenin Receptor ◽

Base Balance ◽

And Function

Prorenin receptor (PRR), a 350-amino acid receptor initially thought of as a receptor for the binding of renin and prorenin has been shown to be multifunctional. In addition to its role in the renin angiotensin system (RAS), PRR also transduces several intracellular signaling molecules and is a component of the vacuolar H+-ATPase that participates in autophagy. PRR is found in the kidney and particularly in great abundance in the cortical collecting duct. In the kidney, PRR participates in water and salt balance, acid-base balance, autophagy and plays a role in development and progression of hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, and kidney fibrosis. This review highlights the role of PRR in the development and function of the kidney namely the macula densa, podocyte, proximal and distal convoluted tubule and the principal cells of the collecting duct and focuses on PRR function in body fluid volume homeostasis, blood pressure regulation and acid-base balance. This review also explores new advances in the molecular mechanism involving PRR in normal renal health and pathophysiological states.

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Structure and function of the kidney

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.2101_update_001 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 3809-3816

Author(s):

A.O. Phillips ◽

Steve Riley

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Functional Unit ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Endocrine Organ ◽

Glomerular Filtrate ◽

Base Balance ◽

And Function ◽

Sodium And Potassium

The kidney is responsible for control of water, electrolyte (particularly sodium and potassium), and acid–base balance and for excretion of metabolic wastes, and it has important functions as an endocrine organ, including key roles in renin, vitamin D, and erythropoietin production or metabolism. The nephron—beginning at the glomerulus, the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, through which glomerular filtrate passes to be finally excreted as urine. The nephron is divided into anatomically and functionally distinct sections that work together to maintain homeostasis....

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The 100th anniversary of pH (1909-2009). Negative logarithms for measuring hydrogen ions: are they essential in medicine? Part I

Italian Journal of Medicine ◽

10.4081/itjm.2011.147 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 147-155

Author(s):

Francesco Sgambato ◽

Sergio Prozzo ◽

Ester Sgambato ◽

Rosa Sgambato ◽

Luca Milano

Keyword(s):

Human Life ◽

100Th Anniversary ◽

Hydrogen Ion ◽

Hydrogen Ions ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

The Past ◽

Scientific Papers ◽

Base Balance ◽

Ph Scale

Introduction: It has been 100 years since the concept of pH (1909-2009) was ‘‘invented’’ by the Danish chemist-mathematician Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen (1868-1939) in the chemistry laboratories of the Carlsberg Brewery in Copenhagen. The anniversary provides an opportunity to examine the crucial importance in human life of acid-base balance. Materials and methods: The authors review the historical process that led to the creation of the pH scale, with citation of passages from the original work of Sørensen published 100 years ago. This is followed by a critical analysis of the debate regarding the use of logarithmstomeasure hydrogen ion concentrations based on data from scientific papers published over the past 50 years (1960-2010). Results and discussion: The authors conclude that the concept of acid-base balance can be approached and taught in a simpler, more exciting, and even pleasant fashion without using the infamous and abstruse Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The whole rationale underlying the understanding and clinical application of this vital topic is clearly and unquestionably inherent simpler, more manageable formula introduced by Henderson (without logs), which is useful and quite adequate for use in medical education.

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Kidneys and chronic renal disease

10.1093/med/9780198759782.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Hugh Devlin ◽

Rebecca Craven

Keyword(s):

Renal Disease ◽

Chronic Renal Disease ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Electrolyte Balance ◽

Bleeding Tendency ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Bone Pathology ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance ◽

And Function

Kidneys and chronic renal disease in relation to dentistry is the topic of this chapter. The chapter starts with the structure and function of the kidneys. The functions of acid-base balance and electrolyte balance are described. Chronic renal disease/failure (CRD/CRF) is then considered in terms of its impact on drug metabolism and excretion, anaemia, and bone pathology. Finally, the bleeding tendency associated with chronic renal failure is discussed, together with its clinical implications.

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The alphastat hypothesis in respiratory control and acid-base balance

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1990.69.4.1201 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 1201-1207 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

E. E. Nattie

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Control ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Acid Base ◽

Central Chemosensitivity ◽

Ph Changes ◽

Base Balance ◽

Definition Of ◽

And Function

This selective review 1) evaluates recent interpretations that broaden the definition of the alphastat hypothesis, 2) proposes that central chemoreception and acid-base regulation via ion transport involve proteins conforming to the alphastat hypothesis, and 3) describes, using recent evidence, possible candidates for these proteins. The alphastat hypothesis states that proteins that contain appropriate function-determining titratable groups maintain a constant charge state and unaltered function with temperature-dependent pH changes but can be very sensitive to isothermal pH changes. Appropriate groups, e.g., imidazole histidine, are determined by the pK and the effect of temperature on the pK. The hypothesis explains how protein structure and function can be conserved among a diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate pH values. It also suggests a mechanism for sensing or regulating temperature-independent pH changes, e.g., in central chemosensitivity and transmembrane ion exchange. Possible candidates for such alphastat-conforming proteins include two, the glutamate receptor and the Na(+)-H+ antiporter, for which recent evidence indicates the presence of numerous histidines at probable function-determining sites and demonstrates pH sensitivity inhibitable by the histidine blocker diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC).

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Physiological and Pathological Functions of SLC26A6

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2020.618256 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Wang ◽

Wenkang Wang ◽

Hui Wang ◽

Biguang Tuo

Keyword(s):

Ion Homeostasis ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

The Past ◽

Anion Transporter ◽

Transporter Family ◽

Base Balance ◽

Extensive Exchange ◽

Solute Carrier

Solute Carrier Family 26 (SLC26) is a conserved anion transporter family with 10 members in human (SLC26A1-A11, A10 being a pseudogene). All SLC26 genes except for SLC26A5 (prestin) are versatile anion exchangers with notable ability to transport a variety of anions. SLC26A6 has the most extensive exchange functions in the SLC26 family and is widely expressed in various organs and tissues of mammals. SLC26A6 has some special properties that make it play a particularly important role in ion homeostasis and acid-base balance. In the past few years, the function of SLC26A6 in the diseases has received increasing attention. SLC26A6 not only participates in the development of intestinal and pancreatic diseases but also serves a significant role in mediating nephrolithiasis, fetal skeletal dysplasia and arrhythmia. This review aims to explore the role of SLC26A6 in physiology and pathophysiology of relative mammalian organs to guide in-depth studies about related diseases of human.

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Higher Dietary Acidity is Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Iranian Women, Independent of Dietary Calcium Intake

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000207 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 84 (3-4) ◽

pp. 0206-0217 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Seyedeh-Elaheh Shariati-Bafghi ◽

Elaheh Nosrat-Mirshekarlou ◽

Mohsen Karamati ◽

Bahram Rashidkhani

Keyword(s):

Calcium Intake ◽

Dietary Calcium ◽

Dietary Calcium Intake ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Iranian Women ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance ◽

Dietary Acid

Findings of studies on the link between dietary acid-base balance and bone mass are relatively mixed. We examined the association between dietary acid-base balance and bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of Iranian women, hypothesizing that a higher dietary acidity would be inversely associated with BMD, even when dietary calcium intake is adequate. In this cross-sectional study, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMDs of 151 postmenopausal women aged 50 - 85 years were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Renal net acid excretion (RNAE), an estimate of acid-base balance, was then calculated indirectly from the diet using the formulae of Remer (based on dietary intakes of protein, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium; RNAERemer) and Frassetto (based on dietary intakes of protein and potassium; RNAEFrassetto), and was energy adjusted by the residual method. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable adjusted means of the lumbar spine BMD of women in the highest tertiles of RNAERemer and RNAEFrassetto were significantly lower than those in the lowest tertiles (for RNAERemer: mean difference -0.084 g/cm2; P=0.007 and for RNAEFrassetto: mean difference - 0.088 g/cm2; P=0.004). Similar results were observed in a subgroup analysis of subjects with dietary calcium intake of >800 mg/day. In conclusion, a higher RNAE (i. e. more dietary acidity), which is associated with greater intake of acid-generating foods and lower intake of alkali-generating foods, may be involved in deteriorating the bone health of postmenopausal Iranian women, even in the context of adequate dietary calcium intake.

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