FEROCIOUS FERRETS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-617
Author(s):  
Edgar K. Marcuse

Some 33 infants and young children have been reported in California as having been attacked by pet European ferrets (descendants of the European polecat, Mustela putorius, not to be confused with the endangered black-footed ferret, Mustela nigripes, of the Great Plains). The animals seem attracted to babies, perhaps due to odors resembling those of suckling rabbits. Typically, attacks are made when parents are absent or asleep; the ferret escapes its cage and jumps into the baby's crib. One infant died; others nearly bled to death. One lost her nose, another half of both ears. Up to hundreds of bites were rapidly inflicted on all parts of the face, the result resembling ground beef according to some observers, although all exposed parts of the body are attacked as well. Older children and adults were bitten on the face and extremities, the animal often holding on tenaciously until killed or pried loose. Bites may be unreported to avoid loss of illegal ferrets. Sometimes ferrets are confused with weasels due to inability to differentiate them. Ferrets are more massive. Weasels and European ferrets differ in length (inches from nose tip to tail tip), weight and color as follows: Weasels—7½ to 22 in, 1½ to 11 oz, brown above, white or yellow below. May turn white in winter. End of tail black throughout year. Ferret—17½ to 22 in, 1 to 6 lb, yellow-buff undercoat overlaid with blackish guard hairs. Blackish mask, limbs and tail (entire length). May be albino.

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Yvan Vandenplas

The gastrointestinal microbiome is crucial for the development of a balanced immune system. Antibiotics are frequently administered to infants and cause intestinal dysbiosis. Dysbiosis, also called dysbacteriosis, is a term for a microbial imbalance or maladaptation on or inside the body, such as an impaired gastro-intestinal microbiota. The necessity of administration of antibiotics should be well thought through because of short-term adverse effects such as antibiotic associated-diarrhea. This narrative review highlights the long-term health consequences of antibiotic administration to infants and young children, including overweight, inflammatory bowel syndrome, and allergic disease.   Conclusion:  The pros and cons of antibiotic administration to infants and young children should be carefully weighed.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
N. L. Schechter ◽  
D. A. Allen ◽  
K. Hanson

A chart review was conducted of the records of 90 children and 90 adults, randomly selected and matched for sex and diagnosis, to investigate analgesic usage. Four diagnostic categories (hernias, appendectomies, burns, and fractured femurs) at two hospitals were examined. Results revealed that adults received an average of 2.2 doses of narcotics per day, whereas children received 1.1 (P = .0001). Significant differences in dosing were noted between the diagnostic categories. Diagnoses associated with a longer hospital stay showed a greater discrepancy between narcotic usage in children and adults. Hospital differences were also significant (P = .004) with more doses per day administered at the urban hospital than the rural one. Infants and young children were less likely than older children to have narcotics ordered for them, but, if ordered, frequency of administration was similar for all children. Our study demonstrates that children and adults with the same diagnoses are treated differently as regards narcotic administration. Further research is necessary to determine whether these results represent a difference in pain tolerance in children or a lack of recognition of their discomfort.


2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10033-10033
Author(s):  
Gareth J Veal ◽  
Julie Errington ◽  
Ghada Malik ◽  
Christopher R Hill ◽  
Alan V Boddy

10033 Background: Dosing regimens for anticancer drugs administered to infants and young children frequently differ between tumour types and protocols, with dosing based on body weight commonly implicated. We have recently highlighted a reduced exposure to 13-cis-retinoic acid in neuroblastoma patients <12kg dosed on body weight (Clin Cancer Res19:469-79,2013). Given the toxicity observed with many chemotherapeutics, it is appropriate to establish a pharmacological basis for dose adjustments implemented in younger patients. Methods: The pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide (CPA), actinomycin D (Act D), carboplatin and etoposide were investigated in children aged 0-6, 6-12 and 12-24 months. CPA was administered i.v. at a dose of 100-1,500 mg/m2, with infusion times up to 1.5h, Act D as a bolus i.v. infusion of 0.4-1.5mg/m2, carboplatin as an i.v. dose of 3.8-30mg/kg over 1-4h and etoposide as an i.v. dose of 3.5-14mg/kg over 1-6h. Eighty-six children were studied at 14 centres, with PK sampling carried out over 24h for CPA and Act D, 3h for carboplatin and up to 6h for etoposide. Plasma concentrations of CPA, Act D and etoposide were determined by LC-MS analysis, with carboplatin concentrations determined in plasma ultrafiltrate by AAS. PK parameters were calculated using WinNonlin or previously used PK models as appropriate. Results: Clearance values normalized to body weight ranged from 0.5-7.7 ml/min/kg for CPA, 1.7-17.4 for Act D, 1.6-10.5 for carboplatin and 0.2-1.7 for etoposide. No significant differences in normalized clearance were observed between the defined age cohorts of 0-6, 6-12 and 12-24 months and the data do not indicate clear differences in drug handling in infants and young children. However, when normalized clearance values were compared to data from older children, a greater degree of inter-patient variation was observed in patients <2 years than in children >2 years for all drugs. Conclusions: While normalized clearance values for the drugs studied do not support reduced dosing approaches, data suggest that individual drug clearance values may be more difficult to predict in younger patients. Further studies involving additional anticancer drugs may allow more rationale approaches to dosing. Clinical trial information: NCT00897871.


1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Whitten May ◽  
J. Gaylord May

The purpose of this study was to determine whether age influenced preference for the colors black and white by infants and young children. The investigator administered a color-preference test to 160 subjects who attended day-care centers and who ranged in age from 6 mo. to 4.5 yr. There were equal numbers of males and females and equal numbers of Afro- and Euro-American subjects. Ages of the subjects were controlled so there were 20 subjects in each 6-mo. age interval. Data were obtained from a 12-item test in which pairs of toys were presented to each subject. The toys were identical except that one was black and the other was white. The toy the subject selected was considered the subject's preference and the color of that toy was recorded. Results of a chi-squared test and of an analysis of variance indicated that, as a group, age affected color preference. A pro-black bias was found for the younger children. The findings suggest that color preference of infants and young children is not the same as for older children and adults.


2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Toyama

A series of five experiments evaluated whether young children are aware of biological transformations associated with eating and breathing. In Experiment 1, children aged 4, 5, 7, and 8 years predicted that biological damage results from lack of eating and breathing. Children also recognised that food changes inside the body, but seldom referred spontaneously to biological transformation. In Experiments 2 and 2A, children were presented with several alternative explanations of what food and air would be like inside the human body. Both preschoolers and elementary schoolchildren assumed that air would acquire warmth and colour inside the body. The older children consistently understood biological transformation of food. Preschoolers accepted the idea that food undergoes a transformation necessary for health and growth, but did not think so when the transformation was expressed in a material sense. In Experiments 3 and 3A, some preschoolers predicted the transformation of resources inside familiar and unfamiliar living things, but not inside nonliving things. In addition, some 4- and 5-year-olds recognised the sun’s contribution to “digestive” processes for plants, but not for mammals. Finally, the question of whether early understanding of digestion can be termed “theory-like” was discussed.


2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi A. Mindell ◽  
Judith A. Owens ◽  
Debra Babcock ◽  
Valerie McLaughlin Crabtree ◽  
David Ingram

Given the genuine gaps in the availability of clinical sleep services for children, sleep coaching as a field has emerged and appears to be significantly increasing. Sleep coaches are typically individuals who provide individualized services, often via the Internet or phone, to families of infants and young children (and increasingly to older children, adolescents, and adults as well) with sleep problems. At this time, there is no universally accepted definition of sleep coach, nor are there clear guidelines regarding educational background, training requirements, scope of practice, or credentialing. To start to address the needs of families seeking the services of a sleep coach, educational materials were developed for parents and health care providers regarding issues to consider. Furthermore, there is a need going forward that (1) the designation sleep coach or consultant be clear and well defined, with a clear standard of care and scope of practice; (2) there is a standard core body of knowledge included in all training programs; (3) a certification process is developed for sleep coaches that is reputable and has recognizable and clear standards; and (4) that care for sleep problems in infants and young children are available to diverse populations, irrespective of socioeconomic status.


2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (suppl_4) ◽  
pp. ONS-E377-ONS-E377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco T. Mangano ◽  
David D. Limbrick ◽  
Jeffrey R. Leonard ◽  
Tae Sung Park ◽  
Matthew D. Smyth

Abstract Objective and Importance: Infants and young children demonstrate a variety of intraventricular and periventricular lesions. Endoscopy has proven useful in the treatment of many of these lesions, but its benefit is limited if it is applied to complex loculated cysts or if the disease is concealed by normal ependymal boundaries. In adults and older children, endoscopy can be augmented by the simultaneous use of frameless stereotaxy, but this combined modality has not been possible in infants and young children without rigid cranial fixation. We describe a method of achieving simultaneous stereotactic and endoscopic navigation in infants and young children by using a pinless, frameless stereotactic assembly. Clinical Presentation: The first patient was a 6-week-old boy with macroceph-aly and a bulging fontanelle. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a complex arachnoid cyst and obstructive hydrocephalus. The second patient was a 7-month-old, ex-premature (27-wk gestational age) boy who developed posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. He underwent multiple shunt revisions, one of which was complicated by enterococcal ventriculitis. Despite bilateral ventriculoperitoneal shunts, he developed increasing head circumference, listlessness, and irritability. Imaging revealed an enlarged, multiloculated, and asymmetric ventricular system. Intervention: Simultaneous image-guided and endoscopic neuronavigation was implemented in both patients. Before the procedure, a cranial reference arc was secured to the outer table of the cranium through a small incision adjacent to the operative field. After the stereotactic apparatus was registered, the software was used to plan a trajectory for the approach. A burr hole was then made, and a rigid 6-mm endoscope was inserted for direct visualization. Once advanced past the endoscopic port tip, the electromagnetic coil stylet was used to stereotactically track position and identify areas for fenestration, biopsy, and catheter insertion. Conclusion: Endoscopic views of complex hydrocephalus and arachnoid cysts alone are often difficult to interpret. Simultaneous image-guided and endoscopic neuronavigation may be advantageous in the management of complex cases that are anatomically related to the ventricular system in infants for whom rigid cranial fixation could lead to increased procedure-related morbidity.


1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anissa El Hefny ◽  
Amal El Beshlawy ◽  
Samia Nour ◽  
Mohamed Said

Ketotifen, an orally-administered anti-anaphylactic and antihistamine compound, was given in a dose of 0.06 mg/kg to 142 infants and young children presenting either with non-infected wheezy bronchitis or bronchial asthma to an allergy out-patient department. Treatment continued for 12 weeks. At the end of this time, ketotifen was considered to be very effective or effective in 70% of the children. The effect was more marked in non-infected wheezy bronchitis (83.55% response) than in bronchial asthma (56.5% response), perhaps because factors such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes tend to produce a sustained bronchoconstriction in the latter condition. Ketotifen was not associated with any adverse effects and did not cause behavioural problems. Patients found it palatable and acceptable. The main disadvantage was that symptoms recurred within days of stopping treatment. Especially in non-infected wheezy bronchitis, ketotifen should be given for a year or longer to older children (older than 30 months) who have shown an initial good response to the drug.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-391
Author(s):  
JAMES P. ORLOWSKI

In Reply.— McGee and Sienko suggest that Reye syndrome may be a different disease in infants and young children than in older children and adolescents. This is an intriguing concept and is based partly on their observation that our patients1 were noticeably younger than the ones reported in the other four studies they reference. It is important to notice, however, that the age ranges in three of those four studies were purposely distorted and skewed to older children.


1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1024-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves W Brans ◽  
Harry S Dweck ◽  
Howard B Harris ◽  
Grant V S Parr ◽  
Penrhyn E Bailey ◽  
...  

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