scholarly journals Geosophy as a scientific discipline: issues of methodology and metatheory

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-334
Author(s):  
Yuriy O. Kyselov
Keyword(s):  
Essential Feature ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Material Object ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Modern Geography ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

Today is characterized by a dialectical combination of opposite processes in the development of science - differentiation, expressed in the emergence of new analytical, sectoral disciplines, and integration, which consists of the design of synthetic, complex disciplines mainly at the frontiers of science. One of the relatively young synthetic geographic disciplines is geosophy, which originated about a hundred years ago at the boundary of geography and philosophy. The object of geophysical research is human space, that is, space perceived and conceived by man. For a hundred years, this scientific discipline has undergone a difficult path of development, due to both internal, expressed in the nature of the discipline itself, and external (ideological, geopolitical, etc.) factors. Nowadays, post-non-classical methodological approaches are becoming more widely used in geosophy - besides geosophical, it is noospheric, synergistic, eco-evolutionary and passionate. They are based on a fundamentally new relationship between the subject and the research object, qualitatively different from what has traditionally been recognized as classical and non-classical geography. One feature of post-non-classical approaches is subject-object convergence. In particular, the content of the geophysical approach is to consider geographical features as totals that represent the interpenetrating unity of the mineral, organic and human components. Possibilities of its application exist in almost all sections of geography. A special place among the theoretical and methodological foundations of science is metatheoretical provisions - scientific developments that substantially go beyond this science. An essential feature of metatheory as an important attribute of science is its integrating role, both internally (enhancing systemic links between particular branches of science) and external (establishing and strengthening interdisciplinary links between the sciences of one cycle). Formation of metatheory involves the use of theoretical foundations, methods, approaches, evidence of other sciences, which has a verifiable, reflective, integrative and ideological significance. One of the main ones in all geography is the category of landscape. The ambiguity of its interpretation attests to the fundamental importance of this concept, its exceptional role in the knowledge of the Earth’s surface as a multidimensional reality. From the diversity of landscape understandings, two basic concepts stand out. The content of one of them, dating back to the 19th century, is to see the landscape as a general picture of the terrain, which from the point of view is interpreted as totality. From other positions, designed in the early twentieth century, the landscape is understood as a real existing natural material object, characterized by genetic homogeneity, the presence of vertical and horizontal structure and clearly defined boundaries. The coexistence of the aforementioned landscape concepts and the search for possibilities of combining them is one of the important theoretical problems of modern geography, in particular, geosophy.

scholarly journals Development of Geography since the End of the Second World War

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koffi Jean Marius Boris Kouame ◽  
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Modern Geography ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Geography is an ancient discipline whose purpose is space study. This discipline was one of the pillars used for mapping, displacement, and explaining existing phenomena on earth. Before 1914, geography already existed and played an important role during the First World War. However, we note that some authors limit themselves to the definition of geography as an instrument allowing to move and to map the elements. However, after the Second World War, like all other disciplines, geography knew stages in its evolution. Geography has changed dramatically since this definition and has experienced monumental changes. It was transformed through science '' natural '' in social science, hence abandoning the naturalistic point of view which was founded and developed the geography of the 19th century. Modern geography relies on tools and experimental techniques. These methods and techniques used to build a scientific rationale based on experimentation and coherent reasoning.

CAPRICCIOʼS GENRE IN MANDOLIN MUSIC AT THE END OF THE 19th – THE EARLY OF THE 20th CENTURIES (for example of the concert pieces by С. Munier)

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
N. V. Bashmakova ◽  
K. V. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Concert Works ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of this article is process of analyzing in reference to concert capriccio by C. Munier for mandolin with piano («Bizzarria», op. 201, Spanish сapriccio, op. 276) from the point of view of their genre specificity. Methodology. The research is based on the historical approach, which determines the specifics of the genre of Capriccio in the music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in the work of C. Munier; the computational and analytical methods used to identify the peculiarities of the formulation and the performing interpretation of the original concert pianos for mandolins with piano that, according to the genre orientation (according to the composerʼs remarks), are defined as capriccio. Scientific novelty. The creation of Florentine composer,61mandolinist-vertuoso and pedagog C. Munier, which made about 300 compositions, is exponential for represented scientific vector. Concert works by C. Munier for mandolin and piano, created in the capriccio genre, were not yet considered in the art of the outdoors, as the creativity and composer’s style of the famous mandolinist. Conclusions. Thus, appealing to capriccio by С. Munier, which created only two works, embodied in them virtually all the evolutionary stages of the development of genre. In his opus of this genre there are a vocal, inherent in capriccio of the 17th century solo presentation, virtuosity, originality, which were embodied in the works of 17th – 18th centuries and the national color of the 19th century is clearly expressed. Thus, the Spanish capriccio is a kind of «musical encyclopedia» of national dance, which features are characteristic features of bolero, tarantella, habanera, and so forth. The originality of opus number 201 – «Bizzarria», is embodied in the parameters of shaping (expanded cadence of the soloist in the beginning) and emphasized virtuosity, which is realized in a wide register range, a variety of technical elements.

scholarly journals The Optical Signal-to-Crosstalk Ratio for the MBA(N, e, g) Switching Fabric †

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1534
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Rajewski
Keyword(s):  
Optical Switching ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Switching Networks ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
Optical Signals ◽  
Switching Fabric

The banyan-type switching networks, well known in switching theory and called the logdN switching fabrics, are composed of symmetrical switching elements of size d×d. In turn, the modified baseline architecture, called the MBA(N,e,g), is only partially built from symmetrical optical switching elements, and it is constructed mostly from asymmetrical optical switching elements. Recently, it was shown that the MBA(N,e,g) structure requires a lower number of passive as well as active optical elements than the banyan-type switching fabric of the same capacity and functionality, which makes it an attractive solution. However, the optical signal-to-crosstalk ratio for the MBA(N,e,g) was not investigated before. Therefore, in this paper, the optical signal-to-crosstalk ratio in the MBA(N,e,g) was determined. Such crosstalk influences the output signal’s quality. Thus, if such crosstalk is lower, the signal quality is better. The switching fabric proposed in the author’s previous work has lower optical signal losses than a typical Beneš and banyan-type switching networks of this same capacity and functionality, which gives better quality of transmitted optical signals at the switching node’s output. The investigated MBA(N,e,g) architecture also contains one stage fewer than banyan-type network of the same capacity, which is an essential feature from the optical switching point of view.

scholarly journals How ethical challenges of covert observations can be met in practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 174701612110082
Author(s):  
Nicole Podschuweit
Keyword(s):  
Social Research ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Ethical Debate ◽  
The People ◽  
Almost All

This paper aims to bring into the ethical debate on covert research two aspects that are neglected to date: the perspective of the research subjects and the special responsibility of investigators towards their observers. Both aspects are falling behind, especially in quantitative social research. From a methodological point of view, quantitative forms of covert observation involve a great distance between the researcher and the research subjects. When human observers are involved, the focus is usually on the reliable application of the measuring instrument. Therefore, herein, a quantitative study is used as an example to show how the protection needs of both the observed persons and the observers can be met in practice. The study involved 40 student observers who covertly captured everyday conversations in real-world settings (e.g. in cafés or trains) by a highly standardised observation scheme. The study suggests that the anonymity of the research subjects and their trust in the observers are crucial for their subsequent consent. However, many participants showed only little or even no interest in the written information they were provided. Further, this study strongly emphasises how mentally stressful covert observations are to the observers. Almost all observers were worried in advance that the people they were observing would prematurely blow their cover and confront them. Role-playing and in-depth discussions in teams are good strategies to alleviate such and other fears and to prepare student assistants well for their demanding work in the field.

Semisynthetic triazoles as an approach in the discovery of Novel Lead Compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais ◽  
Carla Santana Francisco ◽  
Heberth de Paula ◽  
Rayssa Ribeiro ◽  
Mariana Alves Eloy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Medicinal Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Space ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Modern Drug ◽  
New Chemical Entities ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

: Historically, the medicinal chemistry is concerned with the approach of organic chemistry to new drug synthesis. Considering the fruitful collections of new molecular entities, the dedicated efforts for medicinal chemistry are rewarding. Planning and search of new and applicable pharmacologic therapies involve the altruistic nature of the scientists. Since the 19th century, notoriously the application of isolated and characterized plant-derived compounds in modern drug discovery and in various stages of clinical development highlight its viability and significance. Natural products influence a broad range of biological processes, covering transcription, translation, and post-translational modification and being effective modulators of almost all basic cellular processes. The research of new chemical entities through “click chemistry” continuously opens up a map for the remarkable exploration of chemical space in towards leading natural products optimization by structure-activity relationship. Finally, here in this review, we expect to gather a broad knowledge involving triazolic natural products derivatives, synthetic routes, structures, and their biological activities.

Bernhard Riemann’s legacy of 1859

2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (528) ◽  
pp. 468-475
Author(s):  
Graham Hoare
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
German Version ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Almost All ◽  
University Of Göttingen ◽  
The University ◽  
Modern Mathematics ◽  
Mathematics And Physics

The German version of Riemann’s Collected Works is confined to a single volume of 690 pages. Even so, this volume has had an abiding and profound impact on modern mathematics and physics, as we shall see. In fifteen years of activity, from 1851, when he gained his doctorate at the University of Göttingen, to his death in 1866, two months short of his fortieth birthday, Riemann contributed to almost all areas of mathematics. He perceived mathematics from the analytic point of view and used analysis to illuminate subjects as diverse as number theory and geometry. Although regarded principally as a mathematician Riemann had an abiding interest in physics and researched significantly in the methods of mathematical physics, particularly in the area of partial differential equations.

Where is disciplinarity going? Meeting on the borderland

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 582-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marcovich ◽  
Terry Shinn
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Cognitive Structures ◽  
Spawning Ground ◽  
University System ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article analyzes the cognitive structures and dynamics of a form of scientific discipline that differs importantly both from the disciplinary format of the 19th-century university system, and from the profile proposed by much postmodern interdisciplinary (anti-disciplinary) discussion. This recent form of discipline, here termed the ‘new disciplinarity’, is a product of the increasing complexity of scientific knowledge and activity. The approach privileges cognition. It emphasizes the concepts of disciplinary referent, robust boundaries, ‘borderland’, combinatorials and projects. It suggests that the new disciplinarity is highly elastic and that it is a spawning-ground for new disciplines.

scholarly journals Treatment by bloodletting in the past and present

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 240-248
Author(s):  
Natasa Colovic ◽  
Danijela Lekovic ◽  
Mirjana Gotic
Keyword(s):  
Western Medicine ◽  
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Cardiac Insufficiency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Methods Of Treatment ◽  
Proper Balance

Introduction. Therapeutic bloodletting has been practiced at least 3000 years as one of the most frequent methods of treatment in general, whose value was not questioned until the 19th century, when it was gradually abandoned in Western medicine, while it is still practiced in Arabic and traditional Chinese medicine. Content. In modern medicine bloodletting is practiced for very few indications. Its concept was modeled on the process of menstrual bleeding, for which it was believed to ?purge women of bad humours.? Thus, bloodletting was based more on the belief that it helps in the reestablishment of proper balance of body ?humours? than on the opinion that it serves to remove excessive amount of blood as well as to remove toxic ?pneumas? that accumulate in human body. It was indicated for almost all known diseases, even in the presence of severe anemia. Bloodletting was carried out by scarification with cupping, by phlebotomies (venesections), rarely by arteriotomies, using specific instruments called lancets, as well as leeches. In different periods of history bloodletting was practiced by priests, doctors, barbers, and even by amateurs. In most cases, between one half of liter and two liters of blood used to be removed. Bloodletting was harmful to vast majority of patients and in some of them it is believed that it was either fatal or that it strongly contributed to such outcome. In the 20th century in the ?Western? medicine bloodletting was still practiced in the treatment of hypertension and in severe cardiac insufficiency and pulmonary edema, but these indications were later abandoned. Conclusion. Bloodletting is still indicated for a few indications such as polycythemia, haemochromatosis, and porphyria cutanea tarda, while leeches are still used in plastic surgery, replantation and other reconstructive surgery, and very rarely for other specific indications.

scholarly journals Social Order and Practical Wisdom of Walking in a Crowd

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-29
Author(s):  
Andrei M. Korbut
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Joint Production ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Phenomenal Field ◽  
Almost All

The article suggests returning to the “crowd” as an object of sociological analysis. Crowds have attracted early sociologists because crowds were visual embodiments of social forces that surpass individuals and also served as a symbol of the profound social transformations which were taking place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Analyzing crowds allowed for the first sociologists (G. Simmel, R. Park, M. Weber, E. Durkheim) to oppose the psychological interpretation of mass social phenomena with a purely sociological approach. However, in the second half of the 20th century sociologists had lost almost all interest in the crowd, as it did not meet the interests of researchers of “large” social structures, nor the interests of the proponents of interactionist approaches. This article shows that the crowd can again be made interesting for sociology if we were to consider it from the point of view of the everyday practices of the participants. In these everyday practices a specific form of phronesis, i.e. practical wisdom, technical skill coupled with moral judgment about which action is good and which is not, is implemented. It is shown here that the study of the practical wisdom of walking in a crowd requires special concepts and methods that can be found in phenomenology and ethnomethodology. The article suggests using three such concepts for the analysis of crowds: phenomenal field, oriented object, and figuration of details. With the help of these concepts, the methods of the crowd’s situated social order production are analyzed in relation to the management of speed and trajectories of movement, following one another, walkers’ stopping and slowing down, and joining the crowd. This analysis shows that the joint production of the crowd’s social order by its participants is a situated practice, i.e. it consists of making the local scenes of everyday life familiar and accountable, and of assessing the local adequacy of the actions performed.

scholarly journals Nesonim Dugi otok

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Vlado Skračić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Historical Maps ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

Dugi otok is the only large inhabited Adriatic island both with a name composed of two words, with a Croatian name and with a noun island (Croat. otok) in it. Almost all of the linguists and historians agree that the island was first mentioned by Constantine the Porphyrogenitus (10th cent.) as Pizych, which can nowadays be recognised in place names Čuh and Čuh Polje on Dugi otok near Proversa. By the disappearance of that settlement the name was forgotten, but none of the names of newly founded settlements did not became the nesonym, as frequently occurred elsewhere in Croatian nesonymy. In the archival documents and historical maps the island is usually identified by the Romance compound word: geographical term insula/isola + determinant Magna, Maiori, Grossa, Grande, Longa. The island was named Dugi only in the latter half of the 19th century. Neither the nesonym Dugi otok, the ethnic Dugootočanin nor the ktetic dugootočki are used outside the official usage.

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