scholarly journals Treatment by bloodletting in the past and present

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 240-248
Author(s):  
Natasa Colovic ◽  
Danijela Lekovic ◽  
Mirjana Gotic
Keyword(s):  
Western Medicine ◽  
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Cardiac Insufficiency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Methods Of Treatment ◽  
Proper Balance

Introduction. Therapeutic bloodletting has been practiced at least 3000 years as one of the most frequent methods of treatment in general, whose value was not questioned until the 19th century, when it was gradually abandoned in Western medicine, while it is still practiced in Arabic and traditional Chinese medicine. Content. In modern medicine bloodletting is practiced for very few indications. Its concept was modeled on the process of menstrual bleeding, for which it was believed to ?purge women of bad humours.? Thus, bloodletting was based more on the belief that it helps in the reestablishment of proper balance of body ?humours? than on the opinion that it serves to remove excessive amount of blood as well as to remove toxic ?pneumas? that accumulate in human body. It was indicated for almost all known diseases, even in the presence of severe anemia. Bloodletting was carried out by scarification with cupping, by phlebotomies (venesections), rarely by arteriotomies, using specific instruments called lancets, as well as leeches. In different periods of history bloodletting was practiced by priests, doctors, barbers, and even by amateurs. In most cases, between one half of liter and two liters of blood used to be removed. Bloodletting was harmful to vast majority of patients and in some of them it is believed that it was either fatal or that it strongly contributed to such outcome. In the 20th century in the ?Western? medicine bloodletting was still practiced in the treatment of hypertension and in severe cardiac insufficiency and pulmonary edema, but these indications were later abandoned. Conclusion. Bloodletting is still indicated for a few indications such as polycythemia, haemochromatosis, and porphyria cutanea tarda, while leeches are still used in plastic surgery, replantation and other reconstructive surgery, and very rarely for other specific indications.

scholarly journals Muhammad Shalih as-Samarani dalam Kacamata Masyarakat Muslim Milenial

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Aflahal Misbah
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The Past ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

Muhammad Salih As-Samarani was one of the Nusantara's intellectual figures of the past which was associated with the term 'Islam Nusantara'. This figure, in some of 'Islam Nusantara' literatures, is considered as one of the representative figures to explore and discover the foundation of 'Islam Nusantara'. His actions and thoughts in the 19th century in Java, which were able to connect Mecca and Pesantren and Pesantren and society, were indeed not negligible in the effort to build 'Islam Nusantara' argument. Recognition of the As-Samarani figure, in fact, is not only a field of scientific study for scholars, but also for ordinary people who are also increasingly keen to introduce As-Samarani in public. In this paper, as a preliminary study, the author tries to focus on seeing how As-Samarani is represented in public by ordinary people through YouTube. Almost all of the videos on Youtube which try to re-display As-Samarani figure appeared after the 'Islam Nusantara' become the 33rd NU Congress in Jombang. As-Samarani's figure on Youtube shows that along with the affirmation of the term 'Islam Nusantara', the As-Samarani figure is even more interesting for ordinary people, especially in media of his magical power contexts (such as turning stones into gold, meeting Imam Ghazali, his goats are able to defeat tigers), not his actions and thoughts, or more specifically perhaps his writings.  

Scientific Clarification of Diagnostics Used in Chinese Traditional Medicine — A Genetic and Biochemical Study of Confirmation

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (01n04) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Shigeru Arichi
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Western Medicine ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Chinese Traditional Medicine ◽  
The Past

Chinese medicine has the heritage of diagnostic technique in which the past, present and future characteristics of patients are comprehensively pigeonholed by the concept of ''confirmation'' to presume the prognosis of the disease. If this simple ''therapeutic diagnosis'' to select the therapeutic agents can be combined with ''pathologic diagnosis'' of Western medicine, it could contribute a great deal to the modern medicine. For this purpose, it is necessary to study the philosophy of and agents used in Chinese medicine at the current level of science.

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

Colchicum autumnale (Colchicaceae) w okolicach Krakowa – dawne i obecne rozmieszczenie

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zarzyka-Ryszka
Keyword(s):  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Colchicum Autumnale ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
North Eastern Part

The paper describes the past and present distribution of Colchicum autumnale in the vicinity of Cracow, highlights the role of Stanisław Dembosz (who published the first locality of C. autumnale near Igołomia in 1841). Gives information about the occurrence of C. autumnale in Krzeszowice in the 19th century (reported by Bronisław Gustawicz), presents new localities noted in 2012–2014 in meadows in the north-eastern part of the Puszcza Niepołomicka forest and adjacent area (between the Vistula and Raba rivers), and gives a locality found in Cracow in 2005 (no longer extant).

Michel Foucault and Western Medicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-81
Keyword(s):  
Western Medicine ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Social Medicine ◽  
Western Society ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes Michel Foucault’s philosophical ideas on Western medicine and delves into three main insights that the French philosopher developed to expose the presence of power behind the veil of the conventional experience of medicine. These insights probe the power-disciplining function of psychiatry, the administrative function of medical institutions, and the role of social medicine in the administrative and political system of Western society. Foucault arrived at theses insights by way of his intense interest in three elements of the medical system that arose almost simultaneously at the end of the 18th century - psychiatry as “medicine for mental illness”, the hospital as the First and most well-known type of medical institution, and social medicine as a type of medical knowledge focused more on the protection of society and far less on caring for the individual. All the issues Foucault wrote about stemmed from his personal and professional sensitivity to the problems of power and were a part of the “medical turn” in the social and human sciences that occurred in the West in the 1960s and 1970s and led to the emergence of medical humanities. The article argues that Foucault’s stories about the power of medical knowledge were philosophical stories about Western medicine. Foucault always used facts, dates, and names in an attempt to identify some of the general tendencies and patterns in the development of Western medicine and to reveal usually undisclosed mechanisms for managing individuals and populations. Those mechanisms underlie the practice of providing assistance, be it the “moral treatment” practiced by psychiatrists before the advent of effective medication, or treating patients as “clinical cases” in hospitals, or hospitalization campaigns that were considered an effective “technological safe-guard ” in the 18th and most of the 19th century.

Building Research Teams

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Peach
Keyword(s):  
Common Goal ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Building Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Collective Activity ◽  
Research Administrators ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Century Science

This chapter discusses the process of building research teams. Increasingly over the past three-quarters of a century, science has become a collective activity, with teams of tens, hundreds or even thousands of scientists, engineers and technicians working together on a common goal. Consequently, almost all research involves building, motivating and maintaining a research team. Even a theoretical group is likely to have one or two postdocs, graduate students and visitors, but research teams will, in addition, have engineers and technicians, as well as, possibly, research administrators. The chapter also addresses the importance of creating and maintaining a good team and team spirit, as large projects are assembled from a large number of small teams working on common goals, usually in a loose federated structure with some overall coordination and leadership.

scholarly journals Improved PrEP Awareness and Use among Trans Women in San Francisco, California

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Wilson ◽  
Christopher J. Hernandez ◽  
Susan Scheer ◽  
Dillon Trujillo ◽  
Sean Arayasirikul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Anal Intercourse ◽  
Receptive Anal Intercourse ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Hiv Behavioral Surveillance ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Prep Awareness ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

AbstractTransgender women face a serious risk of HIV infection. Despite this, there is limited knowledge and use of Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). We measured the continuity of prevention across services in the PrEP cascade and correlates of PrEP use among trans women in San Francisco enrolled in the 2019/20 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study. Knowledge and use of PrEP among trans women in San Francisco increased in recent years; almost all (94.0%) had heard about PrEP, 64.7% had discussed PrEP with a healthcare provider, and 44.8% had taken PrEP in the past 12 months. PrEP use was associated with participation in a PrEP demonstration project (aOR = 31.44, p = 0.001) and condomless receptive anal intercourse (aOR = 3.63, p = 0.024). Injection drug use was negatively associated (aOR = 0.19, p = 0.014). Efforts are needed to combat the gender-based stigma and discrimination faced by trans women, which can result in avoidance and mistrust of the medical system.

Fast Text Processing for Interlaced Sports or News Videos

2015 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 652-655
Author(s):  
Qian Huang ◽  
Feng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Unsolved Problem ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Picture Quality ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Coding Efficiency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Visual Artifacts ◽  
Text Content ◽  
Almost All

Interlaced scanning has been widely used as a trade-off solution between picture quality and transmission bandwidth since the invention of television. During the past decades, various interlaced-to-progressive conversion algorithms have been proposed to improve subjective quality or coding efficiency. However, almost all the researchers concentrate on general cases, without making full use of specific application scenarios. Based on extensive investigations, eliminating visual artifacts in areas of subtitles and station captions for interlaced sports and news videos is still an unsolved problem, which will be addressed in this paper. Firstly, motion estimation is performed between field pictures. Secondly, text edge detection is proposed for sports and news videos. Finally, different processing strategies are applied to text regions and non-text regions. Experimental results show that the proposed method can generate much better text content than existing algorithms. In addition, it is quite stable for non-text parts.

scholarly journals Clinical Characterisation and Management of the Main Treatment-Induced Toxicities in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cirrhosis

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 584
Author(s):  
Fausto Meriggi ◽  
Massimo Graffeo
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatic Impairment ◽  
Hepatic Cirrhosis ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Systemic Treatments ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Locoregional Therapies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Selection Of

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to increase worldwide, particularly in Western countries. In almost all cases, HCC develops in subjects with hepatic cirrhosis, often as the result of hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse or metabolic forms secondary to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Patients with HCC and hepatic symptoms can therefore present symptoms that are attributable to both conditions. These patients require multidisciplinary management, calling for close interaction between the hepatologist and the oncologist. Indeed, the treatment of HCC requires, depending on the disease stage and the degree of hepatic impairment, locoregional therapies that can in turn be broken down into surgical and nonsurgical treatments and systemic treatments used in the event of progression after the administration of locoregional treatments. The past decade has seen the publication of countless papers of great interest that have radically changed the scenario of treatment for HCC. Novel therapies with biological agents and immunotherapy have come to be standard options in the approach to treatment of this cancer, obtaining very promising results where in the past chemotherapy was almost never able to have an impact on the course of the disease. However, in addition to being costly, these drugs are not devoid of adverse effects and their management cannot forgo the consideration of the underlying hepatic impairment. Patients with HCC and cirrhosis therefore require special attention, starting from the initial characterisation needed for an appropriate selection of those to be referred for treatment, as these patients are almost never fit. In this chapter, we will attempt to investigate and clarify the key points of the management of the main toxicities induced by locoregional and systemic treatments for HCC secondary to cirrhosis.

115 An Audit on Dexamethasone Prescribing Practice on Surgically Managed Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Patients in the Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences: Lessons Learned in Closing the Loop

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Laurente ◽  
R Mohammed ◽  
M Elmalky
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Compression ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression ◽  
Loading Dose ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prescribing Practice ◽  
Closing The Loop ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression is a surgical emergency owing to its propensity to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Dexamethasone is prescribed to reduce oedema and promote vascular membrane stabilization. The is done so until a more definitive management has been performed. This is a retrospective study evaluating the steroid-prescribing practice for MSCC patients in 2018 at a tertiary spinal unit in Greater Manchester. Thirty-three patients who underwent stabilisation were evaluated in terms of both steroid prescribing and weaning practices. Standards used against for both were the NICE guidelines and the Edinburgh/Christie’s guidelines. Of the 33 patients evaluated, only 1 patient received the correct loading dose of 16mg, whilst 27 went straight to being given 8mg BD. 5 did not receive dexamethasone at all. In terms of discontinuation/weaning, 26 were weaned accordingly and 2 were not weaned to continue as adjuvant treatment. Dexamethasone prescribing practises has since improved over the past two years. 93% of the patients have been correctly weaned as compared to 38% in the past. In terms of prescription, much needs to be done as almost all the patients evaluated did not get the correct loading dose despite receiving the appropriate maintenance.

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