scholarly journals Tbe effects of methodological limitations in the study of butterfly bebavior and demography: a daily study of Vanessa atalanta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) for 22 years

1969 ◽  
pp. 605-614
Author(s):  
Henry F Swanson ◽  
Julián Monge-Nájera
Keyword(s):  
Arrival Time ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Long Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Vanessa Atalanta ◽  
Population Counts ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Normally, butterfly behavior and population size are studied intensively for brief periods or occasionally for long periods, not in detail for long periods, producing an incomplete view in bolh cases. How time limitation affects studies has been unknown for a long time. This paper analyses this problem based on an intensive long term study of Vanessa atalanta (L.) that covered nearly 8000 days, most of them consecutive, for 22 years (Apri1 15, 1977- Apri1 14, 1999), in a subtropical habitat near Orlando, Florida. There is no evidence Ihat ethological studies are affected by their normally brief duration (one year or less), but the analysis of yearly values hid the associations of number of individuals and arrival time with climate. In small areas, isolated population counts lasting less Ihan two weeks are not reliable, according to this study. We found no difference in number of visitors for El Niño years. The daily number of visitors was inversely correlated with temperature and precipitation, but arrival time of the first visitor was positively correlated wilh bolh. The number of visitors reaches a peak near Ihe end of Winter. The activity period span is greater Ihan in more seasonal climates. Individuals were active even at 10° C and with 9 mis winds. Individuals with fresh wing condition were most cornmon from January to June. There were 82 atypical cases of individuals arriving before 12:00 hr. Aerial interactions were seen whenever there was more Ihan one individual in Ihe site (i.e. 41 % of days, N=7634 total days). Only once in Ihese 22 years was predation seen.

A possible method of evolution of the migratory habit in butterflies

1968 ◽  
Vol 253 (787) ◽  
pp. 309-341 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Flight Direction ◽  
Movement Function ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
One Year ◽  
Vanessa Atalanta ◽  
Number Of Individuals

A new theory of migration in butterflies is outlined and present concepts are examined. During the course of evolution many butterflies have become adapted in the larval stage to foodplants that occur in small and scattered localities, the distribution of which changes constantly. It is argued that whenever this happens selection might be expected to produce a butterfly which flies from one foodplant site to another. Further it is argued that while they were crossing areas devoid of foodplants selection would have favoured those individuals that flew at a constant angle to the sun. At first all angles to the sun would be represented equally in the population but each individual would pass on to its offspring a bias towards its own particular angle. It is suggested that the temperature gradient experienced by a butterfly dispersing in this way would constitute a marked selective pressure. This selective pressure would cause an increase in the number of individuals flying at certain angles and a decrease in the number flying at others. The effects of temperature on rate of development and fecundity were demonstrated for Pieris rapae and P. brassicae in the laboratory. The effects of seasonal and geographical temperature variations on these two species in the field were also demonstrated. Based on these results the relative selective advantage of each flight direction was calculated for different times of the year. As a result of these calculations it was predicted that P. rapae should fly at 159° to the sun until 27 August, when it should fly at 0°. For P. brassicae it was predicted that the first brood should fly at 159° and the second brood at 339°. Observations of flight direction of these two species from August of one year to October of the following year agreed well with these predictions. The observations of flight direction also showed that P. rapae , and probably also P. brassicae and Vanessa atalanta , were using the sun as the environmental clue by which they were orientating themselves. There was no compensation for the sun’s movement during the day or season. Experiments showed that P. rapae is sensitive to photoperiod during the adult stage. It is by this means that the same individuals can change their flight direction from 159° to 0° at the most selectively advantageous time. A calculation based on the results of this investigation suggested that a return flight would be a selective disadvantage to both P. rapae and P. brassicae . Observation of these two species suggested that in neither does the southward movement function as a return flight, i.e. is equal in distance to the northward movement.

scholarly journals An assessment of spatiotemporal distribution of drought in Transcarpathian region during the nearest perspective until 2050

2017 ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
I. G. Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Climate Modeling ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Precipitation Regime ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Modeling Data ◽  
One Year

The paper describes the features of spatiotemporal distribution of drought at long-time periods in Transcarpathian region under the projected temperature and precipitation regime in the period of  2020-2050. Analysis of temperature and moisture conditions was produced using the CORDEX climate modeling data for climate scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. It is shown that an increase of mean annual air temperature at the stations will occur mainly due to increasing of winter temperatures in both scenarios. The average annual precipitation sum will increase insignificantly, but will be observed the opposite trends in winter and summer precipitation. Evaluation of spatial and temporal distribution of drought using drought index SPEI showed that expected a general increase of the regional aridity during the studied period. Weak droughts will be prevail in both scenarios with amount about 7-11 cases per 31 years. At the same time, under the relatively mild scenario RCP4.5 the droughts are predicted more intensive, and under both scenarios the total number of moderate and severe droughts increases on time scales more than one year. The time course of dry and wet periods almost the opposite between scenarios, but in both scenarios is expected an increase of duration and intensity of drought episodes after mid of 2030s.

scholarly journals Bottom-Up Generation of Peak Demand Scenarios in Water Distribution Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Enrico Creaco ◽  
Giacomo Galuppini ◽  
Alberto Campisano ◽  
Marco Franchini
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cross Correlations ◽  
User Demand ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Best Fit

This paper presents a two-step methodology for the stochastic generation of snapshot peak demand scenarios in water distribution networks (WDNs), each of which is based on a single combination of demand values at WDN nodes. The methodology describes the hourly demand at both nodal and WDN scales through a beta probabilistic model, which is flexible enough to suit both small and large demand aggregations in terms of mean, standard deviation, and skewness. The first step of the methodology enables generating separately the peak demand samples at WDN nodes. Then, in the second step, the nodal demand samples are consistently reordered to build snapshot demand scenarios for the WDN, while respecting the rank cross-correlations at lag 0. The applications concerned the one-year long dataset of about 1000 user demand values from the district of Soccavo, Naples (Italy). Best-fit scaling equations were constructed to express the main statistics of peak demand as a function of the average demand value on a long-time horizon, i.e., one year. The results of applications to four case studies proved the methodology effective and robust for various numbers and sizes of users.

scholarly journals Stochastic Models for a Chemostat and Long-Time Behavior

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (03) ◽  
pp. 822-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Collet ◽  
Servet Martínez ◽  
Sylvie Méléard ◽  
Jaime San Martín
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Long Time Behavior ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Number Of Individuals

We introduce two stochastic chemostat models consisting of a coupled population-nutrient process reflecting the interaction between the nutrient and the bacteria in the chemostat with finite volume. The nutrient concentration evolves continuously but depends on the population size, while the population size is a birth-and-death process with coefficients depending on time through the nutrient concentration. The nutrient is shared by the bacteria and creates a regulation of the bacterial population size. The latter and the fluctuations due to the random births and deaths of individuals make the population go almost surely to extinction. Therefore, we are interested in the long-time behavior of the bacterial population conditioned to nonextinction. We prove the global existence of the process and its almost-sure extinction. The existence of quasistationary distributions is obtained based on a general fixed-point argument. Moreover, we prove the absolute continuity of the nutrient distribution when conditioned to a fixed number of individuals and the smoothness of the corresponding densities.

Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4990 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
OSCAR ARRIBAS ◽  
KAMİL CANDAN ◽  
YUSUF KUMLUTA ◽  
ÇETİN ILGAZ
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Valid Taxon ◽  
Larger Sample

All the Turkish populations studied, both those previously assigned to D. dryada (Subaşı and Yoldere villages, near Hopa) and those attributed to D. clarkorum (the largest sample studied so far, 177 specimens in total), are indistinguishable from each other and therefore must all be ascribed to the natural variability of a monotypic D. clarkorum. The Georgian specimens from the Type Locality of D. dryada (Charnaly river gorge, Chevachauri district) are clearly different, so that taxon cannot be considered a simple synonym for D. clarkorum, but as a valid taxon, although its proper status (more probably as a subspecies of D. clarkorum), is yet to be clarified. It is a highly threatened population, so studies should be done in vivo or with as low intrusiveness as possible.                 Darevskia dryada is clearly larger (SVL) than any D. clarkorum studied, with strongly longer heads and pilei in adult males (and hence more teeth in dentary bone), and higher dorsalia counts. There also seem to be (but need to be studied in a larger sample) more longitudinal rows of temporal scales between tympanic and parietal plates, a tendency to have more supralabial scales; comparatively smaller values for longitudinal rows of scales on the ventral surface of the thigh between the femoral pores and the outer row of enlarged scales, and higher collaria, and circumanalia scales. Other differences in femoralia and gularia are also reflected in Darevsky & Tuniyev’s (1997) tables and should also be investigated with more Georgian specimens.                 Two supposed discriminant characters, the frontonasal index and the presence of developed masseteric, are not valid. The frontonasal index does not discriminate both taxa; D dryada specimens fall inside the variation of D. clarkorum for this character. Also the presence of a developed masseteric plate is supposed to be rare if at all in D. clarkorum but always present in D. dryada; however, it appears in nearly 75% of D. clarkorum studied and in all D. dyada, so is also no longer valid for taxa discrimination.                 Although very similar, D. clarkorum and D. dryada are morphologically different, and genetic studies (as the unpublished results mentioned by Fu, 1999) do not make the provenance of the specimens clear, and hence the correct identification of the supposed specimens of D. dryada used.                 There are no geographical clines in D. clarkorum. However, as stated by Schmidtler et al. (2002), there is an inverse relationship between altitude and dorsalia values in D. clarkorum. Both the general differentiation between populations and the scalation (dorsalia) appear statistically correlated with the altitude and also with latitude (being both factors not strictly the same). The correlation seems to be stronger with morphology in general (multiple scalation characters and head biometry) than only with dorsalia. In the case of the general differentiation among samples, it is also significantly correlated with temperatures during the activity period (April-September) and with precipitation during incubation (July-August). As these climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation are not directly correlated with the dorsalia variation, the relation with altitude (and perhaps latitude) must be linked to some other climatic parameter not studied here, perhaps solar radiation or evapotranspiration.  

scholarly journals Transoral Endoscopic Adenoidectomy

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr El-Badrawy ◽  
Mosaad Abdel-Aziz
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Nasal Allergy ◽  
Nasal Endoscope ◽  
Experienced Surgeon ◽  
Nasal Symptoms ◽  
Recent Advancement ◽  
Long Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Telephone Questionnaire

Objective. Adenoid curette guided by an indirect transoral mirror and a headlight is a simple and quick procedure that has already been in use for a long time, but this method carries a high risk of recurrence unless done by a well-experienced surgeon. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the efficacy of transoral endoscopic adenoidectomy in relieving the obstructive nasal symptoms.Methods. 300 children underwent transoral endoscopic adenoidectomy using the classic adenoid curette and St Claire Thomson forceps with a Hopkins 4-mm nasal endoscope introduced through the mouth and the view was projected on a monitor. Telephone questionnaire was used to follow-up the children for one year. Flexible nasopharyngoscopy was carried out for children with recurrent obstructive nasal symptoms to detect adenoid rehypertrophy.Results. No cases presented with postoperative complications. Only one case developed recurrent obstructive nasal symptoms due to adenoid regrowth and investigations showed that he had nasal allergy which may be the cause of recurrence.Conclusion. Transoral endoscopic adenoidectomy is the recent advancement of classic curettage adenoidectomy with direct vision of the nasopharynx that enables the surgeon to avoid injury of important structures as Eustachian tube orifices, and also it gives him the chance to completely remove the adenoidal tissues.

Characteristic of morphological traits and biochemical indicators in Linum pubescens

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Bright Pink ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Bright Color ◽  
One Year

The article describes the morphological characteristics and biochemical parameters of a very little studied wild species Linum pubescens (downy flax). This representative of the genus Linum naturally grows in the eastern Mediterranean: Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Iraq, Greece, Cyprus, Albania. There are brief references to it in the description of the flora of these regions. In Israel, on natural populations of L. pubescens, studies of dimorphic heterostyly, anatomical features of the flower, mechanisms of pollination and incompatibility were carried out. However, other signs, including economically valuable ones, are not described in him. We were the first to study the species ex-situ in a field bank. It was found that in the arid conditions of the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine L. pubescens has a one-year development cycle, a height of 30 cm, 1.2 flowering stems, a bright pink flower with a diameter of 25 mm, a small slightly elongated box with a diameter of 2.7 mm, weight 1000 seeds is 0.6 g, and the leaf area is 218.9 mm2. Plants bloom in mid-July- September. Taking into account the rather large size, the bright color of the flower and the flowering period, we believe that the L. pubescens species has prospects of use as an ornamental flowering plant. In the resulting artificial population of L. pubescens, dimorphic heterostyly is clearly traced. Long and short pest morphs are clearly identified. L. pubescens seeds contain 24% protein and 35% oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil belongs to the "linum-type", like most other types of flax. With a low content of saturated acids (palmitic 6.7% and stearic 2.8%) and a significant predominance of unsaturated acids, especially linolenic up to 64%. It was revealed that this species has a dense non-cracking capsule. This trait is unusual for other flax varieties. Most annual and perennial species are characterized by moderate to severe cracking. Cultivated flax has a non-cracking boll, but not a hard one that breaks easily. It was found that less organic matter and more ash elements accumulate in the capsules and seeds of L. pubescens than in other species of the genus Linum. Probably, this feature, together with non-cracking, helps to better preserve fruits in difficult natural conditions and preserves seed germination for a long time. According to A.A. Zhuchenko, plant genetic resources are divided into six groups. At this stage, L. pubescen is classified as a wild weed relative. It was proposed to include L. pubescens in breeding work to create ornamental varieties in order to transfer it to the improved germplasm group in the future.

scholarly journals Behavioral and electrophysiological auditory processing measures in traumatic brain injury after acoustically controlled auditory training: a long-term study

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Calsolari Figueiredo ◽  
Adriana Neves de Andrade ◽  
Andréa Tortosa Marangoni-Castan ◽  
Daniela Gil ◽  
Italo Capraro Suriano
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Long Run ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the long-term efficacy of acoustically controlled auditory training in adults after tarumatic brain injury. Methods A total of six audioogically normal individuals aged between 20 and 37 years were studied. They suffered severe traumatic brain injury with diffuse axional lesion and underwent an acoustically controlled auditory training program approximately one year before. The results obtained in the behavioral and electrophysiological evaluation of auditory processing immediately after acoustically controlled auditory training were compared to reassessment findings, one year later. Results Quantitative analysis of auditory brainsteim response showed increased absolute latency of all waves and interpeak intervals, bilaterraly, when comparing both evaluations. Moreover, increased amplitude of all waves, and the wave V amplitude was statistically significant for the right ear, and wave III for the left ear. As to P3, decreased latency and increased amplitude were found for both ears in reassessment. The previous and current behavioral assessment showed similar results, except for the staggered spondaic words in the left ear and the amount of errors on the dichotic consonant-vowel test. Conclusion The acoustically controlled auditory training was effective in the long run, since better latency and amplitude results were observed in the electrophysiological evaluation, in addition to stability of behavioral measures after one-year training.

scholarly journals Long-term study of oral treprostinil to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension: dosing, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 204589401986633 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. James White ◽  
Keyur Parikh ◽  
Roblee Allen ◽  
Jeremy Feldman ◽  
Carlos Jerjez-Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Total Daily Dose ◽  
Walk Distance ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
One Year ◽  
Minute Walk Distance ◽  
Minute Walk

Oral treprostinil may be an option for low- and intermediate-risk patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, a rare lung vascular disease. This open-label extension study collected data on participants who completed previously reported, placebo-controlled oral treprostinil studies. Eligible participants had completed the prospective parent studies and took increasing doses of oral treprostinil twice daily; some later transitioned to three times daily dosing. Investigators measured 6-minute walk distance at Month 12 as the sole efficacy measure but collected adverse events throughout the study. A single center measured pharmacokinetics in 13 subjects who changed dosing from twice daily to three times daily. Eight hundred and ninety-four participants enrolled and 71% completed one year of therapy, with a median total daily dose of 7 mg and a median 6-minute walk distance increase of 22 m (interquartile range, −14 to 67 m). Subjects achieving higher doses had larger increases in 6-minute walk distance; 42% of participants completed three years of therapy. Adverse events were typical for prostacyclin class therapy, but prostacyclin-type adverse events may have been better tolerated with three times daily dosing in 105 participants. In 13 participants transitioned to three times daily dosing with pharmacokinetic measurements before and after, trough drug levels were higher with three times daily dosing. Oral treprostinil is associated with modest but durable, dose-responsive effects on exercise tolerance for those who remained on therapy at one year in this prospective, uncontrolled study. Three times daily dosing was associated with higher trough levels and better tolerability. The recently completed Freedom-EV study will provide further insights into the utility of oral treprostinil ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01560624 ).

scholarly journals Seismic and Rainfall Induced Displacements of an Existing Landslide: Findings from the Continuous Monitoring

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Ruggeri ◽  
Viviene M. E. Fruzzetti ◽  
Antonio Ferretti ◽  
Giuseppe Scarpelli
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Back Analysis ◽  
Pressure Transducers ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
National Road

“La Sorbella” is a deep-seated existing landslide in a Miocene clayey formation located in central Italy. Given the interaction with a national road, this landslide has been monitored for a long time with inclinometers and hydraulic piezometers. Recently, the monitoring system was implemented by adding pressure transducers in the Casagrande cells and by equipping the old inclinometers with in-place probes, to allow a remote reading of the instruments and data recording. This system allowed to identify that the very small average rate of movement observed over one year (1.0–1.5 cm/year) is the sum of small single sliding processes, strictly linked to the sequence of rainfall events. Moreover, data recorded by in-place inclinometer probes detected the response of the landslide to the seismic sequence of 2016 occurring in central Italy. Such in situ measurements during earthquakes, indeed rarely available in the scientific literature, allowed an assessment of the critical acceleration of the sliding mass by means of a back-analysis. The possibility to distinguish the difference between seismic and rainfall induced displacements of the slope underlines the potential of continuous monitoring in the diagnosis of landslide mechanisms.

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