Releasing factors of diabetes mellitus

In order to establish a link between staple foods and prevalence of diabetes in populations, a preliminary survey aiming at diabetes frequencies has been executed with 16 diabetics. Glycaemia was evaluated in clinical laboratory and survey slip was used to collect information from patients. Results were analyzed at a threshold a = 0.05 with XLSTAT. Frequencies of higher glycaemia in diabetics for staple food were found in this ranking order: rice > sorghum > wheat > maize > millet > others. Such foods were eaten during a long period before diabetes symptoms. Patients of 36-40 years old were numerous in proportion (31.25%). Others cases of age groups go from 0.0% to 6.25% frequencies. Type 1 diabetes is found in sedentary persons and sellers with positive and significant correlation with glycaemia over 1.25 g/L (r =0.785-0.850) because of consummation of sorghum (r = 0.755) and wheat (r = 0.674) for social reason (r = 0.738). Type 2 diabetes is linked to economic reason (r = 0.688). Only cultivators have glycaemia between 1 g/L and 1.25 g/L. Contrary, sedentary, salaried and seller people showed glycaemia over 1.25 g/L. Consequently, significant correlations indicate wheat (r =0.851), rice (r = 0.815), sorghum (r = 0.753), maize (r = 0.655) and tea (r = 0.646); all are correlated social reasons (r = 0.825). Thus, many factors especially foods and life system contribute in releasing diabetes.

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Structure of concomitant somatic pathology in patients different age groups before ophthalmic surgery

Modern technologies in ophtalmology ◽

10.25276/2312-4911-2021-1-182-185 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 182-185

Author(s):

M.A. Esina ◽

◽

E.E. Filimonova ◽

L.V. Pavlyushchenko ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

State Institution ◽

Federal State ◽

Ophthalmic Surgery ◽

Cerebrovascular Accidents ◽

Heart Attacks ◽

Preoperative Stage ◽

Stage 1

Purpose. Analysis of structure somatic pathology in patients different age groups before planned ophthalmic surgery. Material and methods. Analyzed 1200 medical records patients previously operated in the Khabarovsk branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, 3 age groups were formed. The 1st group included 11 patients under age of 40 years (0.9%), the 2nd group – 234 patients from 41 to 60 years (19.5%), the 3rd group – 955 patients over 60 years (79.6%). In each of the groups, the frequency and structure of concomitant somatic pathology, the degree of its compensation were studied. Results. In the 1st group, 54.5% of patients were somatically healthy, 45.5% had a pathology, represented mainly by stage 1 hypertension and type 1 diabetes. All of them were compensated, there were no difficulties in preparing for the operation in this group. In the 2nd group, 90.2% of patients had somatic pathology. The leading positions were occupied by hypertension and type 2 diabetes, the respiratory system pathologies, rheumatic diseases and the carriage of chronic hepatitis B and C viruses were added. Treatment correction at the preoperative stage was required for 2 patients (0.9%), after which the patients were operated. In 3rd group, 100% of patients had somatic pathology. Its structure did not differ much from the 2nd group, but there were also complications such as heart attacks, acute cerebrovascular accidents, complicated diabetes. Correction of therapy was carried out in 61 people (6.4%), 60 of them were successfully operated, one did not appear for hospitalization. Conclusion. Somatic burden increased and degree of compensation for diseases decreased with increasing age of patients. Successful operations are facilitated by individual approach to patient, taking into account the existing pathology and preoperative preparation. Key words: patient's age, somatic burden, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, compensation.

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The world pandemic of diabetes

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1395 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1795-1799

Author(s):

Nigel Unwin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Age Groups ◽

The World ◽

Level Of Economic Development ◽

Increasing Trends

A pandemic refers to a disease that is rapidly increasing in frequency across many populations, over a wide geographical area (1). Put another way, it refers to the situation in which epidemics of the disease are occurring simultaneously in many countries. This is the case for diabetes, which has the dubious distinction of being one of the few chronic non-communicable diseases known to be increasing in all countries from which data are available, irrespective of the level of economic development (2). This is mirrored by a pandemic of people who are overweight or obese (3), the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. This chapter focuses on diabetes in adults (aged 20 years old and above), of which 85% to more than 95%, depending on the population, have type 2 diabetes (2, 4), which is thus the main contributor to the growing burden of diabetes. However, it is worth noting that, in children (<15 years old), the incidence of type 1 diabetes is also increasing, particularly in the youngest age groups, across the vast majority of countries from which good data are available (5). The reasons for this increase are unclear, although various environmental risk factors have been implicated (5). This chapter aims to do the following: ◆ provide an overview of the prevalence and trends in diabetes in adults across the world and its contribution to mortality ◆ describe the broad determinants that underlie the increasing trends in diabetes in adults ◆ provide an introduction to variations by ethnicity in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes

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Understanding and managing interferences in clinical laboratory assays: the role of laboratory professionals

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2019-0898 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 350-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Martina Zaninotto ◽

Mario Plebani

Keyword(s):

Patient Safety ◽

Laboratory Testing ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Careful Evaluation ◽

The Matrix ◽

Analytical Phase

AbstractThe recently raised concerns regarding biotin interference in immunoassays have increased the awareness of laboratory professionals and clinicians of the evidence that the analytical phase is still vulnerable to errors, particularly as analytical interferences may lead to erroneous results and risks for patient safety. The issue of interference in laboratory testing, which is not new, continues to be a challenge deserving the concern and interest of laboratory professionals and clinicians. Analytical interferences should be subdivided into two types on the basis of the possibility of their detection before the analytical process. The first (type 1) is represented by lipemia, hemolysis and icterus, and the second (type 2), by unusual constituents that are not undetectable before analysis, and may affect the matrix of serum/plasma of individual subjects. Type 2 cannot be identified with current techniques when performing the pre-analytical phase. Therefore, in addition to a more careful evaluation and validation of the method to be used in clinical practice, the awareness of laboratory professionals should be raised as to the importance of evaluating the quality of biological samples before analysis and to adopt algorithms and approaches in the attempt to reduce problems related to erroneous results due to specific or non-specific interferences.

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Prevalence, morbidity and mortality of hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis in the General Hospital of Playa del Carmen, México. Analysis of five years

10.36811/ijcgh.2019.110001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 01-06

Author(s):

Argel de Jesús Concha May ◽

Guillermo Padrón Arredondo

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Acute Pancreatitis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

Hospital Stays ◽

Clinical Conditions

Introduction: Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is the underlying cause of pancreatitis in 7% of the general population and is the third cause after gallstones and alcohol. HTG may be associated with acute pancreatitis as an epiphenomenon or as a precipitant thereof. Generally, more than 75% of pancreatitis induced by hypertriglyceridemia is due to secondary causes and although these are not sufficient to elevate triglycerides to cause pancreatitis, a preexisting defect is required to obtain a TG>1000 mg/dL to induce acute pancreatitis. Material and Method: To identify the prevalence morbidity and mortality of acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia, a retrospective and cross-sectional observational clinical study was performed for a period of five years. Results: During the study period, 100 cases of acute pancreatitis of various etiologies were collected, 29 (29%) of which corresponded to acute pancreatitis of hypertriglyceridemic origin; history of risk: type 1 Diabetes mellitus one case (3.4%); Type 2 Diabetes mellitus 27 cases (24%); history of alcoholism nine cases (31%); positive smoking 4 cases (13.8%); hypertriglyceridemia 27 cases (94%); obesity 17 cases (59%); lipemic serum 19 cases (65.5%), and In-hospital stays average six days. Mortality in one case. Discussion: In the Mexican national survey of ENASUT 2012, it was found by age group that hypercholesterolemia is highest in the age groups of 50-69 years of age. (Table 1) The frequency of hyperlipidemia in patients with pancreatitis ranges from 12 to 38%, and of hypertriglyceridemia, between 4 and 53%; what is important is to define whether its presence is primary or causal, or secondary or consequence of other clinical conditions such as Diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, pregnancy or use of medications. The triglycerides were obtained on routine laboratory tests in our hospital and their values were steadily elevated and the hipertrigliceridemic acute pancreatitis is the principal cause instead the alcoholic acute pancreatitis. Keywords: Pancreatitis acute;Hypertriglyceridemic; Prevalence; Morbidity; Mortality

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Trends in Glycemic among Youth with Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

10.2337/figshare.17052590.v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Faisal S. Malik ◽

Katherine A. Sauder ◽

Scott Isom ◽

Beth A. Reboussin ◽

Dana Dabelea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Household Income ◽

Age Groups ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Youth Study ◽

Diabetes In Youth

OBJECTIVES: To describe temporal trends and correlates of glycemic control in youth and young adults (YYA) with youth-onset diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study included 6,492 participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Participant visit data were categorized into time periods 2002-2007, 2008-2013 and 2014-2019, diabetes durations of 1-4, 5-9, and 10+ years, and age groups 1-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, 25+ years. Participants contributed one randomly selected data point to each duration and age group per time period. Multivariable regression models were used to test differences in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) over time by diabetes type. Models were adjusted for site, age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, health insurance status, insulin regimen and diabetes duration, overall and stratified for each duration and age group. RESULTS: Adjusted mean HbA1c for the 2014-2019 cohort of YYA with type 1 diabetes was 8.8%±0.04%. YYA with type 1 diabetes in the 10-14, 15-19, and 20-24 age groups from the 2014-2019 cohort had worse glycemic control than the 2002-2007 cohort. Race/ethnicity, household income and treatment regimen predicted differences in glycemic control in 2014-2019 type 1 diabetes participants. Adjusted mean HbA1c was 8.6%±0.12% for 2014-2019 YYA with type 2 diabetes. Participants age 25+ with type 2 diabetes had worse glycemic control relative to the 2008-2013 cohort. Only treatment regimen was associated with differences in glycemic control in type 2 diabetes participants. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in diabetes technologies, medications, and dissemination of more aggressive glycemic targets, many current YYA are less likely to achieve desired glycemic control relative to earlier cohorts.

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Prevalence of risk factors of cardiometabolic complications in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

Bukovinian Medical Herald ◽

10.24061/2413-0737.xxv.2.98.2021.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (2(98)) ◽

pp. 125-129

Author(s):

I. Tsaryk ◽

N. Pashkovska ◽

O. Ilashchuk

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Autoimmune Diabetes ◽

Acid Decarboxylase ◽

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes ◽

Patients With Diabetes

The aim of the study. To determine the prevalence of risk factors for cardiometabolic complications in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults compared to other types of diabetes depending on the phenotype of the disease.Materials and methods. A comprehensive examination of 106 patients with diabetes mellitus: 45 (main group) with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), 26 - with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), 35 - with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Complaints, anamnesis data, objective examination, results of general clinical, laboratory researches, indicators of carbohydrate metabolism, titers of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase were evaluated.Results. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in LADA was 51% and was significantly higher than in T1DM (19%), but was lower compared with T2DM (94%). The highest incidence of MS was found in patients with the LADA2 phenotype (87%). Of particular note is the fact that this figure was close to that in T2DM. At the same time in LADA1 the incidence of MS was lower (36%), but twice as high as in T1DM. In addition to hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity (62% of patients), hypertension (78%) and dyslipidemia (56%) were commonly reported in LADA.Conclusions. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome as a complex of cardiometabolic risk factors in LADA differs from that in classical types of diabetes, which requires a differential approach to their management.

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Trends in Glycemic Control Among Youth and Young Adults With Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc21-0507 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Faisal S. Malik ◽

Katherine A. Sauder ◽

Scott Isom ◽

Beth A. Reboussin ◽

Dana Dabelea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Age Groups ◽

Youth And Young Adults ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Youth Study ◽

Diabetes In Youth

OBJECTIVES To describe temporal trends and correlates of glycemic control in youth and young adults (YYA) with youth-onset diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study included 6,369 participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Participant visit data were categorized into time periods of 2002–2007, 2008–2013, and 2014–2019, diabetes durations of 1–4, 5–9, and ≥10 years, and age groups of 1–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–24, and ≥25 years. Participants contributed one randomly selected data point to each duration and age group per time period. Multivariable regression models were used to test differences in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) over time by diabetes type. Models were adjusted for site, age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, health insurance status, insulin regimen, and diabetes duration, overall and stratified for each diabetes duration and age group. RESULTS Adjusted mean HbA1c for the 2014–2019 cohort of YYA with type 1 diabetes was 8.8 ± 0.04%. YYA with type 1 diabetes in the 10–14-, 15–19-, and 20–24-year-old age groups from the 2014–2019 cohort had worse glycemic control than the 2002–2007 cohort. Race/ethnicity, household income, and treatment regimen predicted differences in glycemic control in participants with type 1 diabetes from the 2014–2019 cohort. Adjusted mean HbA1c was 8.6 ± 0.12% for 2014–2019 YYA with type 2 diabetes. Participants aged ≥25 years with type 2 diabetes had worse glycemic control relative to the 2008–2013 cohort. Only treatment regimen was associated with differences in glycemic control in participants with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Despite advances in diabetes technologies, medications, and dissemination of more aggressive glycemic targets, many current YYA are less likely to achieve desired glycemic control relative to earlier cohorts.

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DEVELOPMENT, PERSISTENCE, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TYPE 2, POLIOMYELITIS COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY IN MAN

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.96.1.35 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 35-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jordi Casals ◽

Peter K. Olitsky ◽

Albert B. Sabin

Keyword(s):

Complement Fixation ◽

Age Groups ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽

Newborn Mice ◽

History Of ◽

Almost All ◽

Type 3

Sera from 81 patients with a diagnosis of paralytic or non-paralytic poliomyelitis, and from 159 individuals of similar age groups giving no history of the disease, were tested with a high titered, complement-fixing poliomyelitis antigen of Type 2 (Lansing-like). The antigen consisted of brain tissue from newborn mice injected with the MEF1 strain of virus as previously adapted to these animals. The presence or absence of Type 2 neutralizing antibody in the sera under test was found not to affect the complement fixation. Positive reactions were obtained with 57 per cent of the sera deriving from non-paralytic patients and in 70 per cent from paralytics, when the specimens were tested at a dilution of 1:16. The complement-fixing antibody was often present in highest titer as early as 24 hours after the onset of poliomyelitis, and in almost all instances within 7 days. In about half of the patients a 4-fold or greater drop in titer occurred within 3 months, with little or no change in the others. The incidence of titers of 1:16 or higher with the control sera varied with the season of the year at which they were procured, 3 per cent of the winter samples proving positive and 13 per cent of the summer. The tests of sera from the group of patients from whom poliomyelitis virus was recovered, disclosed no significant differences between those having the paralytic and those having the non-paralytic disease. Type 1 (Brunhilde-like) strains of virus were recovered from many of the patients yielding positive tests, although they presented no evidence of previous or concurrent infection with Type 2 virus. This finding shows that Type 1 virus can give rise in patients to Type 2 complement-fixing antibody. The application of these data to the serologic diagnosis of poliomyelitis infection in man will of necessity be limited until information is obtained on the development, persistence, and significance of complement-fixation reactions with antigens deriving from Type 1 and Type 3 poliomyelitis strains.

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Diabetic neuropathy: the “anesthetized” complication

The Journal of AMD ◽

10.36171/jamd21.24.1.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 206

Author(s):

Bax, G.

Keyword(s):

Lifestyle Modification ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Clinical Problem ◽

Sensory Profile ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Painful Neuropathy ◽

Pain Medications ◽

Sensory Profiles

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This microangiopathic complication is present in 50% of patients with more than 20 years of disease and approximately 18-30% of those who develop it produce painful neuropathy; it is present in 4%-18% of cases. The difficulty in the diagnosis of DPN is currently linked to the absence of a clinical-laboratory marker, such as microalbuminuria for nephropathy, and the need therefore for clinical evaluation by means of: history and objective examination analysed with a score; instrumental confirmation of the presence of fibre damage by studying the small and large nerve fibres. The clinical problem remains to diagnose as soon as possible: the absence of the complication; the presence of DPN in the dichotomous presentation of pain and anaesthesia, in most diabetic patients starting with those who have a longer duration of the disease. This would allow highlighting: patients at high ulcerative risk; those with the presence of important sensory-pain disorders to whom pain therapy should be best addressed. The review will attempt to describe the most recent advances on DPN and therefore also of its diagnosis and its treatment, which starts with lifestyle modification, optimal metabolic control, achieved not too aggressively, intervention on other risk factors, and antioxidant therapy. A more precise and distinct sensory profile of patients with DPN and painful DPN may help to identify those who will respond to one treatment rather than another. Detailed sensory profiles will then lead to tailored treatment for subgroups of patients with painful DPN. KEY WORDS: neuropathy; diabetes; MNSI; MNDS; pain medications.

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