A lecture on mind (preface and notes by Andrei D. Maidansky)

The archive of the Soviet Marxist philosopher Evald Ilyenkov contains a draft of a lecture on the nature of human mind. This was one of the lectures that Ilyenkov gave for senior students of the philosophical faculty at Moscow State University in 1953–1955. His thought runs counter to the concept of the mind as a function of the brain that “copies and photographs” the outside world by means of the senses (an understanding that dominated the Soviet philosophy). Ilyenkov asserts that the conscious mind is formed through the work of the logical categories, which constitute the social reason. In the Foreword to the publication, a parallel is drawn between the criticism of the sensationalist model of mind by Ilyenkov and Wilfrid Sellars, the founder of the “analytic philosophy of mind”. Both philosophers place language between “raw” sensual perceptions and the human mind. However, for Sellars language is the creator of the conscious mind, whereas for Ilyenkov language is only an instrument of reason, which allows it to pick out the perceptions that are significant for other people filtering away everything else. The logical structure of language is determined by the categories of the singular and the universal, by affirmation and negation, cause and effect, etc. With the help of the categories of reason, an individual transforms their sensual impressions into “facts of consciousness”. Active focusing on the similarities and differences of sensible objects, on how one perception follows another, etc. constitutes the primary activity of will. Ilyenkov points out that this purposefulness of sensory contemplation is what distinguishes man from animals. If language forms the first “floor” of consciousness, then its upper “floor” is logical thinking. The latter discovers causal relationships of things and the laws of nature. The contents of such thought do not depend on will and consciousness, they are objectively true.

Identification and prioritization of the challenges of using cryptocurrencies in international transactions

Cryptocurrencies have attracted the attention of many investors, entrepreneurs, regulators and the public today. By popular definition, the cryptocurrency is an asset in a blockchain that can be transferred between actors on the scene of exchange and hence used as a payment instrument. Completely decentralized cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin have attracted public interest and are far more successful than previous e-money. Despite the importance of these currencies, in third world countries like Iran country, people don't interest in using these types of currencies to their trading. So, in this study, we find and rank the challenges of using cryptocurrencies in international trading. To this end, the challenges of using cryptocurrencies were identified by reviewing the literature. Then, the identified factors were prioritized using the AHP technique. In general, four criteria and twenty-eight criteria were compared. The results show that technical factors are the most important criteria in comparison with the purpose; the risk-taking is the most important person reason; the negative attitude to cryptocurrencies in society is the most important social reason; the lack of sufficient funds to develop the use of cryptocurrencies, and the failure to properly find the parties to the transaction is the most important technical reason which can affect cryptocurrencies adoption in international trading.

Solidarity as Social Reconstruction

The neoliberal agenda is based on the rejection of social objectivism and social reason, in favor of individual preferences and subjective values. Reforms carried out under this agenda destroy institutions and practices of solidarity. While the 2008 financial crisis has confronted neoliberalism with a legitimation crisis, an alternative agenda has yet to emerge. In the past decades, this “void” gave birth to the implementation of “regressive communities”. Instead of challenging the neoliberal agenda these communities function as mere authoritarian extensions. By rejecting social issues and defending cultural values they display contempt for social objectivity and reason. A path beyond the neoliberal “all market” approach as well as the subsequent triggerering of “regressive communities” is nowadays sought by social reconstruction through solidarity.

Releasing factors of diabetes mellitus

In order to establish a link between staple foods and prevalence of diabetes in populations, a preliminary survey aiming at diabetes frequencies has been executed with 16 diabetics. Glycaemia was evaluated in clinical laboratory and survey slip was used to collect information from patients. Results were analyzed at a threshold a = 0.05 with XLSTAT. Frequencies of higher glycaemia in diabetics for staple food were found in this ranking order: rice > sorghum > wheat > maize > millet > others. Such foods were eaten during a long period before diabetes symptoms. Patients of 36-40 years old were numerous in proportion (31.25%). Others cases of age groups go from 0.0% to 6.25% frequencies. Type 1 diabetes is found in sedentary persons and sellers with positive and significant correlation with glycaemia over 1.25 g/L (r =0.785-0.850) because of consummation of sorghum (r = 0.755) and wheat (r = 0.674) for social reason (r = 0.738). Type 2 diabetes is linked to economic reason (r = 0.688). Only cultivators have glycaemia between 1 g/L and 1.25 g/L. Contrary, sedentary, salaried and seller people showed glycaemia over 1.25 g/L. Consequently, significant correlations indicate wheat (r =0.851), rice (r = 0.815), sorghum (r = 0.753), maize (r = 0.655) and tea (r = 0.646); all are correlated social reasons (r = 0.825). Thus, many factors especially foods and life system contribute in releasing diabetes.

Reasons for Hospitalization of Patients with Acute Pulmonary Embolism Based on the Hestia Decision Rule

Background The Hestia criteria can be used to select pulmonary embolism (PE) patients for outpatient treatment. The subjective Hestia criterion “medical/social reason for admission” allows the treating physician to consider any patient-specific circumstances in the final management decision. It is unknown how often and why this criterion is scored. Methods This is a patient-level post hoc analysis of the combined Hestia and Vesta studies. The main outcomes were the frequency of all scored Hestia items in hospitalized patients and the explicit reason for scoring the subjective criterion. Hemodynamic parameters and computed tomography-assessed right ventricular (RV)/left ventricular (LV) ratio of those only awarded with the subjective criterion were compared with patients treated at home. Results From the 1,166 patients screened, data were available for all 600 who were hospitalized. Most were hospitalized to receive oxygen therapy (45%); 227 (38%) were only awarded with the subjective criterion, of whom 51 because of “intermediate to intermediate-high risk PE.” Compared with patients with intermediate risk PE (RV/LV ratio > 1.0) treated at home (179/566, 32%), hospitalized patients with only the subjective criterion had a higher mean RV/LV ratio (mean difference +0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19–0.41) and a higher heart rate (+18/min, 95% CI 10–25). No relevant differences were observed for other hemodynamic parameters. Conclusion The most frequent reason for hospital admission was oxygen therapy. In the decision to award the subjective criterion as sole argument for admission, the severity of the RV overload and resulting hemodynamic response of the patient was taken into account rather than just abnormal RV/LV ratio.

A Comparative Analysis of Spoken Error of Students’ Utterances

This present study deals with the comparative analysis in spoken production errors made by the 2nd and the 4th-semester students of English Education Study Program in STKIP Kumala Metro. The objectives of this research are to comparative the types of errors, the frequency of error, the dominant type of errors, the similarities and differences of errors, and the sources of errors. The type of this research is qualitative research. The data of this research are utterances containing errors taken from the 2nd and the 4th-semester students. In collecting data, the researcher listened to the audio record carefully, writes the scripts correctly, then identifies the data, and selects the data deals with the types of errors. The researcher used Clark and Clark, Dulay, Burt, and Krashen's theory to analyze the errors. The results indicated that there are three types of errors made by the 2nd-semester students, namely, speech errors (78,22%), morphological errors (15,6%), and syntactical errors (6,06%). Whereas, the erroneous made by the 4th-semester students are speech errors (83,86%), morphological errors (13,1%), and syntactical errors (2,93%). The speech errors made by the 2nd and the 4th-semester students have similarities and differences. The similarities of speech errors that found by the researcher were: silent pause, filled pause, repeats, false start (unretracted), false start (retraced), correction, interjection, stutters, a slip of the tongue, error in pronunciation, error in vocabulary, error in word selection, the omission of bound morpheme-s, the omission of to be, the addition of to be, the omission of the verb, the omission of –Ing, the addition of –Ing, and misuse of to be. The differences of errors made by the 2nd and the 4th-semester students are in the addition of preposition, malformation, and disordering. The dominant error made by students is filled pause. These speech errors mostly caused by three sources; cognitive difficulty, situational anxiety, and social reason.

Gender Stereotype towards SDGs in Indonesia

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) is blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. SDGs is an agenda to be reach at 2030 with 17 goals. Sustainable Development Goals is officially adopted by 193 members state of United Nation since September 2015. Indonesia is involved in those 193 members state. Since 1950, Indonesia was admitted as 60th member state of United Nations. As the United Nation member state, Indonesia actively adopted the Sustainable Development Goals. How ever Indonesia still have to face gender stereotype in all aspects with the indicators of religion, ethnic, sex, culture and others. It has strong relationship with patriarchy culture. This research is aims to know how the gender stereotype affected the sustainable development goals in Indonesia. The author use qualitative research method by compile the secondary data and analyzing through thematic analysis approach. The result shows that five from 17 goals has stereotype from society in every single goal. The background reason of stereotype is come from culture, behavior, religion, ethnic and other social reason.

Pelatihan Penulisan Artikel Populer di Media Massa sebagai Alasan Sosial

Social reason means because there are people or society who should benefit from what is done. The knowledge possessed by lecturers or academics must be used for society. One of the ways to make this knowledge accessible to the public is that lecturers or academics must write it down in the mass media. Mass media is a term that began to be used in the 1920s for a type of media designed to reach a very broad community, often shortened to media. An article published in the mass media is usually referred to as a popular article. The problem is that not every lecturer or academician is able to write popular articles to be published in the mass media. That is why training in writing popular articles was necessary and important to be held, including for lecturers or academics at Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The training was attended by 72 registered lecturers from various faculties: Medicine, Pharmacy, Economics, Dentistry, Humanities, Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MIPA), Public Health, Information Technology, Agriculture, Agricultural Technology, Nursing, Social and Political Sciences (ISIP), and Animal Science.

Orientalia come strumenti di auto-rappresentazione delle élites cretesi in epoca alto-arcaica

In this paper the phenomenon of circulation of orientalia in Crete during the Iron Age will be examined from a social point of view: what was the social reason of the demand and how did local communities react to the arrive of exotic artefacts? Orientalia were found mostly within contexts characterised by a local material culture, so they attest the demand for luxury goods, rather than the settling of foreign people in the island; it is suggested that orientalia probably had the main function of high status-symbol. Therefore, they could represent a key for the interpretation of some social aspects of the Iron Age Cretan communities.

REINTERPRETATION OF HIJAB CONCEPT IN THE VIEW OF MURTADHA MUTAHHARI

In the view of Millennial society, Hijab was better known as fashion for woman to look beautiful. It’s proven by the presence of so many tutorials wearing Hijab with various models showed on Youtube. Those tutorials influenced women views that to make them look completely enchanting they should wear Hijab. As the consequence, Hijab what must be believed to be an obligation and the guidance of the Shari’a, it’s even understood by women as a form of need and desire only, and it’s especially just to attract man attentions. Former times, Hijab was understood by people as a symbol of glory and a form of the obedience of a woman to God. But, now, due to misunderstanding of the meaning and the essence of Hijab, it’s misused by women in this Millennial era. To solve this problem, it’s required a philosophical study. This study is expected to be one way to refine meaning of the essence of Hijab. To look further, we can study some views of Sayid Murtadha Muthahhari. He was one of contemporary Iranian philosophers who refined the essence of Hijab. In Murtadha Mutahhari philosophical views, he offered to us four meaning of the essence of Hijab, those were the first was psychological tranquility, the second was strengthen the relationship of husband and wife, the third was the glory and honor of women, and the fourth was strengthen of the society. In another hand, he also offered to us three reasons that why women must wear Hijab. It’s economic reasons, social reason, and ethical reason. This Study is trying to refine and inform the meaning of the essence of hijab to Moslem society through Murtadha Mutahhari philosophical view.