Reference values of Schirmer tear test in sheep and the effect of season on the test results

The aim of this study was to determine the reference range of Schirmer tear test (STT) values in sheep using Greek indigenous and mixed breeds and to investigate the potential effect of breed and season on these values. Ninety (30 Chios, 30 Florina and 30 Lacaune mixed breed) ewes aged 2 years or more were used for the study. The aqueous portion of the tear film was measured using Schirmer tear test (STT) commercial strips bilaterally by the same investigator with the animal in standing position. The average STT value recorded was 18.45 ± 3.93 mm/min and the range 10.8–26.2 mm/min. STT was significantly affected by the season and the recorded values were significantly higher in summer compared to winter. The breed had no significant effect on tear secretion. The results of the present study provide a reference range of STT values in sheep and indicate that tear secretion is significantly affected by the season.

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Evaluation of tear production with modified Schirmer tear test-1 during the neonatal period in cats

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2011000400013 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 350-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L.F. Conceição ◽

A.P. Ribeiro ◽

M.L.M. Torres ◽

M.L.G. Lourenço ◽

J.L. Laus

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Neonatal Period ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Tear Secretion ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Maturity Parameters ◽

Time Point

The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.

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Effects of feline herpesvirus type 1 on tear film break-up time, Schirmer tear test results, and conjunctival goblet cell density in experimentally infected cats

American Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2460/ajvr.70.3.394 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 394-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Christine C. Lim ◽

Christopher M. Reilly ◽

Sara M. Thomasy ◽

Philip H. Kass ◽

David J. Maggs

Keyword(s):

Cell Density ◽

Goblet Cell ◽

Tear Film ◽

Test Results ◽

Herpesvirus Type ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Feline Herpesvirus ◽

Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 ◽

Goblet Cell Density

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Intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test results in clinically normal Long-Eared Hedgehogs (Hemiechinus auritus): reference values

Veterinary Ophthalmology ◽

10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00967.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 206-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽

Ramin Hajikhani ◽

Farzin Sahebjam ◽

Hessamodin Akbarein ◽

Habib Golezardy

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Reference Values ◽

Test Results ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Schirmer Tear Test

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Circannual variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations and dexamethasone suppression test results in Standardbred horses, Andalusian horses and mixed‐breed ponies

Australian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.1111/avj.13022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (12) ◽

pp. 616-621 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

NJ Bamford ◽

PA Harris ◽

SR Bailey

Keyword(s):

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽

Dexamethasone Suppression Test ◽

Test Results ◽

Mixed Breed ◽

Suppression Test ◽

Dexamethasone Suppression ◽

Circannual Variation

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Reference values for intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test in clinically normal Sanjabi sheep

Small Ruminant Research ◽

10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.12.008 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 97 (1-3) ◽

pp. 101-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽

Mohammad Shojaei ◽

Amin Sabzevari ◽

Nargess Khorami

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Reference Values ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Schirmer Tear Test

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Optimization of sample handling and processing for the carbon 13-labeled aminopyrine demethylation blood test and determination of a reference range for test results in healthy dogs

American Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2460/ajvr.69.11.1385 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 69 (11) ◽

pp. 1385-1390 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John V. DeBiasio ◽

Jörg M. Steiner ◽

Jan S. Suchodolski ◽

Sarah A. Read

Keyword(s):

Blood Test ◽

Reference Range ◽

Test Results ◽

Sample Handling ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Aminopyrine Demethylation

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Effect of oral contraceptives on tear film in reproductive age group women

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20180410 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 860

Author(s):

Amita Sharma ◽

Surabhi Porwal ◽

Manoj Tyagi

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptives ◽

Tear Film ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Hormonal Contraceptives ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Age Group ◽

Tear Secretion ◽

Schirmer’S Test ◽

Reproductive Age Group

Background: According to WHO 2009, 60-70% women use one of the method of contraception. 8.8% to 15.4% women use oral contraceptives. Objective of present study was to investigate the effect of oral contraceptives on androgen profile and tear film parameters in females within child bearing age.Methods: Present study involve 100 healthy women between 20-45 years, who presented in family planning clinic. Two groups were made according to the use of oral contraceptive pills. Study group consist of 50 women who were on OCPs (Oral contraception pills) and 50 as control group were not taking any hormonal contraceptives. Serum testosterone and DHEA levels of all subjects was done by Enzyme Immuno Assay on blood samples which were collected during 3th to 7th day of menstrual cycle. Quantitative test for tear secretion was done by Schirmer’s test. Stability of tear film was measured by Tear Breakup time (TBUT). Statistical analysis was done to determine the correlation between use of OCPs and androgen profile and tear film parameters.Results: Present results shows decreased androgen levels in women taking oral contraceptives as compared with age matched women who were not taking oral contraceptives. Tear secretion was significantly reduced in study group as indicated by decreased Schirmer’s test values in study group as compared to control group, the tear film stability was also significantly decreased in women taking oral contraceptives.Conclusions: Present study suggest that androgen profile decrease in women taking oral contraceptives. These results support that use of oral contraceptives may be an important etiological factor in pathogenesis of dry eye disease reproductive age group women.

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Measurement of tear production and establishment of reference values in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) using a modified Schirmer tear test

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.105175 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 186 (10) ◽

pp. 321-321

Author(s):

Anna Linda Nogradi ◽

Zsolt Szentgáli ◽

Márton Battay ◽

Iain Cope ◽

János Gál ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Small Volume ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Random Order ◽

Cavia Porcellus ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

The Mean ◽

One Year

BackgroundPast studies have shown that 5-mm Schirmer tear tests (STTs) are difficult to interpret in guinea pigs. Modified 2.5-mm STT strips are more adequate for measuring the small volume of tear production in these animals. The aim of this study was to establish reference values for the modified 2.5-mm STT strips.MethodsModified STT measurements were performed in random order in both eyes of 50 guinea pig patients. The wetting of the strip was noted at 30 seconds and at 1 minute.ResultsThe mean±sd STT values for both eyes were 7.58±3.19 mm at 30 seconds and 10.42±3.92 mm at 60 seconds. The median was 8 mm at 30 seconds and 10 mm at 60 seconds for both eyes. Animals under one year of age had lower STT values. STT values at 30 and 60 seconds can both be used. Both eyes should be measured when possible.ConclusionThe authors recommend values above 8 mm at 30 seconds and 10 mm at 60 seconds to be considered normal when using a 2.5-mm STT strip. There are ambiguous areas at 5–8 mm and 6–10 mm. If in these ranges the results should be combined with clinical signs and judgement.

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