Semiconductive Properties of Alternating Mg/C Multi-layer Films with Hydroxylation Treatment

ABSTRACTA Mg(OH)2–C transparent conductive film was prepared using the sputtering method by the initial formation of a Mg-C film generated by the alternate layering of Mg and C on a rotating substrate and subsequent exposure of the film to atmospheric water vapor. To examine the influence exerted by the Mg/C layers of the starting film sample on semiconductivity,evaluations of the electrical conductivity properties of the film during the hydroxylation process and the optical properties after the hydroxylation process were carried out. As a result, although no effects on the characteristics of the electrical conductivity properties associated with the composition or number of layers in the films could be confirmed, it was determined that the films possessed the characteristics of semiconductors. On the other hand, the optical properties were found to be affected by the composition and number of layers of the Mg/C films.

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Practical Correction of Three Fold Astigmatism in the Philips CM TEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100164556 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 418-419

Author(s):

Arno J. Bleeker ◽

Mark H.F. Overwijk ◽

Max T. Otten

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Phase Contrast ◽

The Other ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Symmetric Part ◽

A Posteriori ◽

Contrast Transfer Function ◽

High Brightness ◽

Rotationally Symmetric ◽

Brightness Field

With the improvement of the optical properties of the modern TEM objective lenses the point resolution is pushed beyond 0.2 nm. The objective lens of the CM300 UltraTwin combines a Cs of 0. 65 mm with a Cc of 1.4 mm. At 300 kV this results in a point resolution of 0.17 nm. Together with a high-brightness field-emission gun with an energy spread of 0.8 eV the information limit is pushed down to 0.1 nm. The rotationally symmetric part of the phase contrast transfer function (pctf), whose first zero at Scherzer focus determines the point resolution, is mainly determined by the Cs and defocus. Apart from the rotationally symmetric part there is also the non-rotationally symmetric part of the pctf. Here the main contributors are not only two-fold astigmatism and beam tilt but also three-fold astigmatism. The two-fold astigmatism together with the beam tilt can be corrected in a straight-forward way using the coma-free alignment and the objective stigmator. However, this only works well when the coefficient of three-fold astigmatism is negligible compared to the other aberration coefficients. Unfortunately this is not generally the case with the modern high-resolution objective lenses. Measurements done at a CM300 SuperTwin FEG showed a three fold-astigmatism of 1100 nm which is consistent with measurements done by others. A three-fold astigmatism of 1000 nm already sinificantly influences the image at a spatial frequency corresponding to 0.2 nm which is even above the point resolution of the objective lens. In principle it is possible to correct for the three-fold astigmatism a posteriori when through-focus series are taken or when off-axis holography is employed. This is, however not possible for single images. The only possibility is then to correct for the three-fold astigmatism in the microscope by the addition of a hexapole corrector near the objective lens.

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Profiling of atmospheric water vapor with MIR and LASE

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing ◽

10.1109/tgrs.2002.800227 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1211-1219 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J.R. Wang ◽

P. Racette ◽

M.E. Triesky ◽

E.V. Browell ◽

S. Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽

Atmospheric Water

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New Gridded Product for the Total Columnar Atmospheric Water Vapor over Ocean Surface Constructed from Microwave Radiometer Satellite Data

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13122402 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2402

Author(s):

Weifu Sun ◽

Jin Wang ◽

Yuheng Li ◽

Junmin Meng ◽

Yujia Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Microwave Radiometer ◽

Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Optimal Interpolation ◽

Fusion Product ◽

Mean Deviation ◽

Atmospheric Water ◽

Absolute Deviation ◽

Better Than

Based on the optimal interpolation (OI) algorithm, a daily fusion product of high-resolution global ocean columnar atmospheric water vapor with a resolution of 0.25° was generated in this study from multisource remote sensing observations. The product covers the period from 2003 to 2018, and the data represent a fusion of microwave radiometer observations, including those from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS), WindSat, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System sensor (AMSR-E), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), and HY-2A microwave radiometer (MR). The accuracy of this water vapor fusion product was validated using radiosonde water vapor observations. The comparative results show that the overall mean deviation (Bias) is smaller than 0.6 mm; the root mean square error (RMSE) and standard deviation (SD) are better than 3 mm, and the mean absolute deviation (MAD) and correlation coefficient (R) are better than 2 mm and 0.98, respectively.

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Retrieval of atmospheric water vapor and land surface temperature from AVHRR thermal imagery

1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications ◽

10.1109/igarss.1995.524078 ◽

2002 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shunlin Liang ◽

S. Goward ◽

J. Ranson ◽

R. Dubayah ◽

S. Kalluri

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Land Surface Temperature ◽

Land Surface ◽

Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽

Atmospheric Water ◽

Thermal Imagery

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ARIS-Campaign: intercomparison of three ground based 22 GHz radiometers for middle atmospheric water vapor at the Zugspitze in winter 2009

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-4-1979-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (9) ◽

pp. 1979-1994 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

C. Straub ◽

A. Murk ◽

N. Kämpfer ◽

S. H. W. Golchert ◽

G. Hochschild ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Noise Temperature ◽

Rotational Transition ◽

Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽

Transition Line ◽

Applied Physics ◽

Atmospheric Water ◽

Max Planck ◽

Institute Of Technology ◽

University Of Bern

Abstract. This paper presents the Alpine Radiometer Intercomparison at the Schneefernerhaus (ARIS), which took place in winter 2009 at the high altitude station at the Zugspitze, Germany (47.42° N, 10.98° E, 2650 m). This campaign was the first direct intercomparison between three new ground based 22 GHz water vapor radiometers for middle atmospheric profiling with the following instruments participating: MIRA 5 (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), cWASPAM3 (Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau) and MIAWARA-C (Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern). Even though the three radiometers all measure middle atmospheric water vapor using the same rotational transition line and similar fundamental set-ups, there are major differences between the front ends, the back ends, the calibration concepts and the profile retrieval. The spectrum comparison shows that all three radiometers measure spectra without severe baseline artifacts and that the measurements are in good general agreement. The measurement noise shows good agreement to the values theoretically expected from the radiometer noise formula. At the same time the comparison of the noise levels shows that there is room for instrumental and calibration improvement, emphasizing the importance of low elevation angles for the observation, a low receiver noise temperature and an efficient calibration scheme. The comparisons of the retrieved profiles show that the agreement between the profiles of MIAWARA-C and cWASPAM3 with the ones of MLS is better than 0.3 ppmv (6%) at all altitudes. MIRA 5 has a dry bias of approximately 0.5 ppm (8%) below 0.1 hPa with respect to all other instruments. The profiles of cWASPAM3 and MIAWARA-C could not be directly compared because the vertical region of overlap was too small. The comparison of the time series at different altitude levels show a similar evolution of the H2O volume mixing ratio (VMR) for the ground based instruments as well as the space borne sensor MLS.

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Aerosol optical properties and precipitable water vapor column in the atmosphere of Norway

Applied Optics ◽

10.1364/ao.54.001505 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 1505 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dennis Muyimbwa ◽

Øyvind Frette ◽

Jakob J. Stamnes ◽

Taddeo Ssenyonga ◽

Yi-Chun Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Water Vapor ◽

Precipitable Water ◽

Precipitable Water Vapor ◽

Aerosol Optical Properties

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Electrical conductivity and optical properties of a new quaternized polysulfone

Polymer Bulletin ◽

10.1007/s00289-011-0659-9 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 1641-1661 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Luminita-Ioana Buruiana ◽

Ecaterina Avram ◽

Adriana Popa ◽

Valentina Elena Musteata ◽

Silvia Ioan

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Optical Properties

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Diurnal variations in middle-atmospheric water vapor by ground-based microwave radiometry

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-13-6877-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 6877-6886 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. Scheiben ◽

A. Schanz ◽

B. Tschanz ◽

N. Kämpfer

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Observational Data ◽

Climate Model ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Diurnal Variations ◽

Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽

Atmospheric Water ◽

Data Set ◽

Diurnal Variability ◽

Time Periods

Abstract. In this paper, we compare the diurnal variations in middle-atmospheric water vapor as measured by two ground-based microwave radiometers in the Alpine region near Bern, Switzerland. The observational data set is also compared to data from the chemistry–climate model WACCM. Due to the small diurnal variations of usually less than 1%, averages over extended time periods are required. Therefore, two time periods of five months each, December to April and June to October, were taken for the comparison. The diurnal variations from the observational data agree well with each other in amplitude and phase. The linear correlation coefficients range from 0.8 in the upper stratosphere to 0.5 in the upper mesosphere. The observed diurnal variability is significant at all pressure levels within the sensitivity of the instruments. Comparing our observations with WACCM, we find that the agreement of the phase of the diurnal cycle between observations and model is better from December to April than from June to October. The amplitudes of the diurnal variations for both time periods increase with altitude in WACCM, but remain approximately constant at 0.05 ppm in the observations. The WACCM data are used to separate the processes that lead to diurnal variations in middle-atmospheric water vapor above Bern. The dominating processes were found to be meridional advection below 0.1 hPa, vertical advection between 0.1 and 0.02 hPa and (photo-)chemistry above 0.02 hPa. The contribution of zonal advection is small. The highest diurnal variations in water vapor as seen in the WACCM data are found in the mesopause region during the time period from June to October with diurnal amplitudes of 0.2 ppm (approximately 5% in relative units).

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