XRF Study of Mexican Iron Gall Inks: Historical and Geographical Overview of their Chemistry

2014 ◽  
Vol 1618 ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Alcántara García ◽  
Jose Luis Ruvalcaba Sil ◽  
Marie Vander Meeren
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Data Set ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
General Concern ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTOver 2000 micro-X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF) measurements of iron gall inks were collected at the General Archive of the Nation in Mexico (Archivo General de la Nación, AGN). The portable X-Ray system SANDRA permitted detection of common elements present in all iron gall inks (e.g. Ca, Fe, S, etc.) as well as characteristic traces and impurities (e.g. Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, etc). The documents in the data set originate from all over Mexico and are dated between the 16th and 19th centuries. All manuscripts were well preserved.Extensive statistical processing of the relative X-Ray intensities revealed common features in groups of documents with the same provenance. Among the findings, there is a progressive trend to complex mixtures from the beginning of the 16th century to the 17th. A reverse trend was observed for the following century. Zinc, lead and seldom arsenic, chromium and mercury seem characteristic for northern areas whereas manganese seems common to the vast majority of studied inks.As a general concern in conservation research, special attention was addressed to copper, as it is known to have additive effects to the degradation of cellulose. This metal seems fairly common to Mexican inks, especially during 18th century.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first examination taken to such a large number of inks. This study contributes to the more-focused development of suitable treatments that tailor specific needs, since they are to be based on of ink’s composition. It sets a precedent for the study of these inks in the Americas and allows conservators and historians to gain further insight into the history of their usage in Mexico.

SEM-based mineralogical mapping at the submicrometer-scale of modern Sardinian stromatolites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Debrie ◽  
Dimitri Prêt ◽  
Karim Benzerara ◽  
Jean Paul Saint Martin
Keyword(s):  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Saint Martin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phase Recognition ◽  
Mineral Mixtures ◽  
Insight Into

<p>Stromatolites, i.e. macroscopically laminated carbonate rocks formed by diverse microbial communities, are particularly emblematic geobiological materials since they are the oldest evidence of life-mineral interactions, dated up to 3.5 Gyrs ago.  They are found throughout the history of the Earth and have received strong attention because they provide precious information about microbial paleobiodiversity and paleoenvironments. However, while this information is interpreted based on our knowledge about modern analogs, the latter remains very incomplete. Here, we studied recently discovered modern stromatolites from Mari Ermi<sup>1</sup>, a coastal pond in Western Sardinia, that seasonally experience severe evaporation and broad salinity variations. For this purpose, we explored the mineralogical composition of these unique sedimentary archives and its spatial variations in order to gain better insight into how mineral phases record the conditions and processes of their formation. We investigated the heterogeneous distribution of minerals using quantitative X-ray chemical maps provided by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry analyses coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDXS). Hyperspectral maps were analyzed using an innovative data treatment method <sup>2</sup> allowing phase recognition within the complex mineral mixtures and solid solutions encountered. This method provided quantitative data on spatial distribution, modal content and associated calculated unit formulas for each identified mineral and phase with a hundred nanometer resolution. Based on these results, we will discuss the origin of the laminations in the stromatolites.</p><p>Reference:</p><p>1. Saint Martin, J.-P. & Saint Martin, S. Geo-Eco-Marina <strong>21</strong>, 35–53 (2015a).</p><p>2. Prêt, D. et al. American Mineralogist <strong>95</strong>, 1379–1388 (2010).</p>

scholarly journals Heritage of the Soviet Ideology in parenting nowadays : the case of Latvia

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Zanda Rubene ◽  
Nora Jansone-Ratinika ◽  
Ilze Dinka
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Pedagogical Discourse ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Pedagogical Competence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
Insight Into

The Soviet period has shaped the history of Latvia in different areas. This article offers an insight into the ideological heritage which has significantly transformed the pedagogical discourse in theoretical as well as instrumental level. Article describes a part of two researches “Social transformations of the child's image in children's room” and “Father`s Pedagogical Competence in Family Nowadays”, revealing common features characterizing Soviet issues. Narrative explores crucial systemic changes, transformation of social and family life, deals with the deformed relationship between individuals in public sphere and family members in private and shows consequences still actual nowadays, pointing out the question of gendered and “Sovietized” identities.

scholarly journals A survey of AGN and supermassive black holes in the COSMOS Survey

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (S238) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris D. Impey ◽  
Jon R. Trump ◽  
Pat J. McCarthy ◽  
Martin Elvis ◽  
John P. Huchra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Host Galaxy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cosmic Evolution ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) is an HST/ACS imaging survey of 2 square degrees centered on RA = 10:00:28.6, Dec = + 02:12:21 (J2000). While the primary goal of the survey is to study evolution of galaxy morphology and large scale structure, an extensive multi-wavelength data set allows for a sensitive survey of AGN. Spectroscopy of optical counterparts to faint X-ray and radio sources is being carried out with the Magallen (Baade) Telescope and the ESO VLT. By achieving ∼80 redshift completeness down to I AB = 3, the eventual yield of AGN will be ∼1100 over the whole field.Early results on supermassive black holes are described. The goals of the survey include a bolometric census of AGN down to moderate luminosities, the cosmic evolution and fueling history of the central engines, and a study of AGN environments on scales ranging from the host galaxy to clusters and superclusters.

scholarly journals Synchrotron Radiation Research and Analysis of the Particulate Matter in Deep Ice Cores: An Overview of the Technical Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giannantonio Cibin ◽  
Augusto Marcelli ◽  
Valter Maggi ◽  
Giovanni Baccolo ◽  
Dariush Hampai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Airborne Dust ◽  
X Ray ◽  
History Of ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Radiation Research ◽  
Insight Into

Airborne dust extracted from deep ice core perforations can provide chemical and mineralogical insight into the history of the climate and atmospheric conditions, with unrivalled temporal resolution, time span and richness of information. The availability of material for research and the natural complexity of the particulate, however, pose significant challenges to analytical methods. We present the developments undertaken to optimize the experimental techniques, materials and protocols for synchrotron radiation-based analysis, in particular for the acquisition of combined Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy data.

scholarly journals X-Ray Observations Of Stellar Flares

1983 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 255-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard M. Haisch
Keyword(s):  
Optical Emission ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Uv Emission ◽  
Stellar Flares ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Lower Limits

ABSTRACTThe history of stellar X-ray flare observations prior to EINSTEIN is reviewed. X-ray light curves as measured by the IPC are then presented for all time resolved flare events discovered as of July 1982 in the EINSTEIN data set. These light curves are analyzed in terms of solar-like loop models to derive densities, temperatures, loop lengths, magnetic field strength lower limits, etc. The failure of the model to adequately represent the observations in the case of the YZ CMi flares is discussed. The relationship of X-ray to optical emission and X-ray to UV emission is considered from both an observational and a theoretical viewpoint. It is concluded that the characterization of a flare by a single, time averaged ratio, Lx /Lopt , is not physically significant.

Non-Destructive Study of the Independence Act of the Mexican Empire of 1821

2011 ◽  
Vol 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Ruvalcaba Sil ◽  
M. Grediaga ◽  
C. González Tirado ◽  
E. Hernández Vázquez ◽  
V. Aguilar Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
Non Destructive

ABSTRACTIn 2010, Mexico celebrates 200 years since the beginning of the Independence war that gave rise to the independent Mexican Empire in 1821, and afterwards to the Mexican Republic. This document had two original copies; one of them was lost in a fire at the beginning of twentieth century, while the second was stolen and finally returned to Mexico in 1960, after a long history of events. This document is kept in the General Archives of Nation (AGN), Mexico.The “Independence Act of the Mexican Empire of 1821” was written on paper using iron-gall inks. The document has two parts: a declaration and a set of 36 signatures of Iturbide and other people involved in establishing the Independence of Mexico.The non-destructive study of this document was carried out in order to answer several questions: legitimacy, composition of the materials (paper and inks), deterioration conditions and a possible sequence of writing and the signatures. For these purposes several in situ techniques were used: optical microscopy, ultraviolet and infrared light imaging, portable X-ray Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopy. This work presents the main results of this analytical methodology applied to the Mexican Independence Act. The results indicate that several inks were used in the manuscript and that the paper has an aging consistent with a nineteenth century document. From these results, we consider that the document examined is genuine and not a copy or facsimile of the original act.

Realism is to Think Historically: Overlapping Elements in Lukácsian and Brechtian Theories of Realism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelos Koutsourakis
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Common Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Friedrich Engels ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Writings

The Brecht and Lukács debate constitutes one of the most important theoretical disputes in the history of Marxist criticism. Generally, Lukács is seen as an outmoded orthodox Marxist scholar, while Brecht is viewed as a champion of political modernism who managed to flee from the shackles of Marxist Orthodoxy and renew our understanding of politics and representation. Nonetheless, there are a number of overlapping elements in Brechtian and Lukácsian theories of realism. Telling in this respect is that in their definition of realism both theorists endorse Friedrich Engels’ assertion that realism is ‘the reproduction of typical people under typical circumstances’. This chapter analyses common elements in Brechtian and Lukácsian cinematic realism. The chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the chapter explores intersecting elements in Brecht and Lukacs’ critical writings on cinema, whilst, in the second part, the chapter explores case studies of films by Miklos Jancso and András Kovács. Both filmmakers have been previously discussed through a Brechtian lens, while Lukács also considered their films to be models of cinematic realism. In focusing both on the theoretical and practical paradigms of Brechtian and Lukácsian cinematic realism, this chapter sets out to rethink the Brecht and Lukács debate, and identify the common features in their understanding of politics and representation.

scholarly journals Crystallography and Its Impact on Carbonic Anhydrase Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie L. Lomelino ◽  
Jacob T. Andring ◽  
Robert McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Catalytic Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Enzyme Active Site ◽  
Zinc Metalloenzymes ◽  
Ping Pong ◽  
History Of ◽  
Obesity And Cancer ◽  
Insight Into

X-ray and neutron crystallography are powerful techniques utilized to study the structures of biomolecules. Visualization of enzymes in complex with substrate/product and the capture of intermediate states can be related to activity to facilitate understanding of the catalytic mechanism. Subsequent analysis of small molecule binding within the enzyme active site provides insight into mechanisms of inhibition, supporting the design of novel inhibitors using a structure-guided approach. The first X-ray crystal structures were determined for small, ubiquitous enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase (CA). CAs are a family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the hydration of CO2, producing HCO3- and a proton. The CA structure and ping-pong mechanism have been extensively studied and are well understood. Though the function of CA plays an important role in a variety of physiological functions, CA has also been associated with diseases such as glaucoma, edema, epilepsy, obesity, and cancer and is therefore recognized as a drug target. In this review, a brief history of crystallography and its impact on CA research is discussed.

Modele europene și realități românești în muzeografia transilvăneană. Înființarea Parcului Etnografic din Cluj (1929)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 223-242
Author(s):  
Laura Cristina Pop
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Defining Moments ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Social Unity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Constituent Elements

"European models and Romanian realities in the Transylvanian museography. The foundation of the Ethnographic Park in Cluj (1929) This paper aims to clarify which were the sources that inspired Vuia in the creation of the ethnographic park. For this synthesis we resorted to understanding the phenomena that formed the basis of designing the museums and ethnographic parks, we investigated the notion of social unity and its constituent elements. We demonstrated how the historical framework of the early twentieth century generated the acute need to express national identity. We paid special attention to the radiography of the museum landscape in Transylvania, which were the first debates after the Great Union of 1918. We reviewed the history of the main open-air museums in Europe and the defining moments for the evolution of the concept. We focused on highlighting the innovations brought by each one. We detailed the evolution of the organization of the Swedish Nordiska Museet and the open-air section, Skansen, in order to highlight the common points between Skansen and the ethnographic park in Cluj. In the case of the open-air section in Cluj, we followed the initial challenges and the sequence of events that marked the existence of this institution as well as its founder. Following the analysis of the models that were the inspiration for the ethnographic park in Cluj, we made a parallel of the common elements between it and the Swedish museum as well as an analysis of the common features of the two personalities who created museums: Hazelius and Vuia. Keywords: Romulus Vuia, ethnographic park, national identity, The Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania, Skansen "

scholarly journals Morphometric Analysis of Lungfish Endocasts Elucidates Early Dipnoan Palaeoneurological Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice M. Clement ◽  
T. J. Challands ◽  
Richard Cloutier ◽  
Laurent Houle ◽  
Per E. Ahlberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Data Set ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Indirect Information ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTLungfish (Dipnoi) are lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) that have persisted for over 400 million years from the Devonian Period to present day. They are the extant sister group to tetrapods and thus have the ability to provide unique insight into the condition of the earliest tetrapods as well as their own evolutionary history. The evolution of their dermal skull and dentition is relatively well understood, but this is not the case for the central nervous system. While the brain itself has very poor preservation potential and is not currently known in any fossil lungfish, substantial indirect information about it and associated structures such as the inner ears can be obtained from the cranial endocast. However, before the recent development of X-ray tomography as a palaeontological tool, these endocasts could not be studied non-destructively, and few detailed studies were undertaken. Here we describe and illustrate the endocasts of six Palaeozoic lungfishes (Iowadipterus halli, Gogodipterus paddyensis, Pillararhynchus longi, Griphognathus whitei, Orlovichthys limnatis, and Rhinodipterus ulrichi) from tomographic scans. We combine these with six previously described lungfish endocasts (4 fossil and 2 recent taxa), also based on tomographic studies, into a 12-taxon data set for multivariate morphometric analysis using 17 variables. We find that the olfactory region appears to be more highly plastic than the hindbrain, and undergoes significant elongation in several taxa. Further, while the semicircular canals covary as an integrated module, the utriculus and sacculus of the inner ear instead vary independently of each other. The functional and phylogenetic implications of our findings are discussed.

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