Realism is to Think Historically: Overlapping Elements in Lukácsian and Brechtian Theories of Realism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelos Koutsourakis
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Common Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Friedrich Engels ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Writings

The Brecht and Lukács debate constitutes one of the most important theoretical disputes in the history of Marxist criticism. Generally, Lukács is seen as an outmoded orthodox Marxist scholar, while Brecht is viewed as a champion of political modernism who managed to flee from the shackles of Marxist Orthodoxy and renew our understanding of politics and representation. Nonetheless, there are a number of overlapping elements in Brechtian and Lukácsian theories of realism. Telling in this respect is that in their definition of realism both theorists endorse Friedrich Engels’ assertion that realism is ‘the reproduction of typical people under typical circumstances’. This chapter analyses common elements in Brechtian and Lukácsian cinematic realism. The chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the chapter explores intersecting elements in Brecht and Lukacs’ critical writings on cinema, whilst, in the second part, the chapter explores case studies of films by Miklos Jancso and András Kovács. Both filmmakers have been previously discussed through a Brechtian lens, while Lukács also considered their films to be models of cinematic realism. In focusing both on the theoretical and practical paradigms of Brechtian and Lukácsian cinematic realism, this chapter sets out to rethink the Brecht and Lukács debate, and identify the common features in their understanding of politics and representation.

Modele europene și realități românești în muzeografia transilvăneană. Înființarea Parcului Etnografic din Cluj (1929)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 223-242
Author(s):  
Laura Cristina Pop
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Defining Moments ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Social Unity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Constituent Elements

"European models and Romanian realities in the Transylvanian museography. The foundation of the Ethnographic Park in Cluj (1929) This paper aims to clarify which were the sources that inspired Vuia in the creation of the ethnographic park. For this synthesis we resorted to understanding the phenomena that formed the basis of designing the museums and ethnographic parks, we investigated the notion of social unity and its constituent elements. We demonstrated how the historical framework of the early twentieth century generated the acute need to express national identity. We paid special attention to the radiography of the museum landscape in Transylvania, which were the first debates after the Great Union of 1918. We reviewed the history of the main open-air museums in Europe and the defining moments for the evolution of the concept. We focused on highlighting the innovations brought by each one. We detailed the evolution of the organization of the Swedish Nordiska Museet and the open-air section, Skansen, in order to highlight the common points between Skansen and the ethnographic park in Cluj. In the case of the open-air section in Cluj, we followed the initial challenges and the sequence of events that marked the existence of this institution as well as its founder. Following the analysis of the models that were the inspiration for the ethnographic park in Cluj, we made a parallel of the common elements between it and the Swedish museum as well as an analysis of the common features of the two personalities who created museums: Hazelius and Vuia. Keywords: Romulus Vuia, ethnographic park, national identity, The Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania, Skansen "

Removing the Nationality Paradigm from Herodotus’ Histories

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-323
Author(s):  
Salvatore Tufano
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Persian Wars ◽  
Classical Definition ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The present paper suggests that the recurring appeal to kinship diplomacy undermines a fixed idea of ‘nation’ in Archaic Greece, especially in the first two decades of the fifth century BC. It aims to present a series of test cases in Herodotus that explain why contemporary patterns and theories on ancient ethnicity can hardly explain the totality of the historical spectrum. Blood ties could sometimes fortify ethnic relationships, as in the case of Aristagoras’ mission to Sparta (Hdt. 5.49.3), since the common Greekness could elicit the Spartan to help to the Ionians. In other times, the same blood ties were applied to divine genealogies, and they could also be used to show the feeble devotion of cities like Argos to the Greek cause (7.150.2: Xerxes expects the Argives to join the Persian cause, since they descend from Perses). Habits and traditions, often taken as indicia of national feeling, could be thought of as clues of ancient migrations (so the Trojans became Maxyes in Lybia: 4.191). Even language might not help in justifying ethnic relationships: for instance, the Greeks living in the Scythian Gelonus spoke a mixed language (4.108). These few case studies may shed a different light on the classical definition of Greekness (to hellenikon) in terms of blood, language, cults, and habits, all given by Herodotus (8.144). Far from being a valid label for all the Greeks of the fifth century, this statement owes much to a specific variety of the language of kinship diplomacy. The final section argues for the opportunity to avoid the later and misleading idea of nation when studying Herodotus and the age of the Persian Wars, which are instead characterized by various and contrasting strategies. Greek groups and ethne can be better described as networks of lightly defined communities.

A Study of Case Studies: Some Reflections and Projections on the Narrative Structuring of Management Cases

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Cliff Oswick
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Common Features ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Common ◽  
Causal Chains

This article explores the narrative structure of management cases. A selective sample of cases ( n = 5) which focus on the turnaround of a high profile corporation is examined. The analysis considers the notions of: thematic framing and ordering (i.e., univocality, causal chains and a ‘problem-to-solution’ flow); verisimilitude (i.e., coherence and plausibility); the use of poetic tropes (i.e., the attribution of responsibility, agency and providential significance). The common features and general characteristics revealed in both ‘conventional cases’ and ‘critical cases’ are identified and discussed. Finally, the scope for embracing and applying alternative approaches (e.g., plurivocal, fragmented and less problem-centred) is presented.

The Revolution in Freedoms of Press and Speech

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell Bird
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrow Definition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

This book discusses the revolutionary broadening of concepts of freedoms of press and speech in Great Britain and in America during the quarter century before the First Amendment and Fox’s Libel Act. The conventional view of the history of freedoms of press and speech is that the common law since antiquity defined those freedoms narrowly. In that view, Sir William Blackstone in 1769, and Lord Chief Justice Mansfield in 1770, faithfully summarized that common law in giving very narrow definitions of those freedoms as mere liberty from prior restraint and not as liberty from punishment after printing or speaking (the political crimes of seditious libel and seditious speech). Today, that view continues to be held by neo-Blackstonians, and remains dominant or at least very influential among historians. Neo-Blackstonians claim that the Framers used freedom of press “in a Blackstonian sense to mean a guarantee against previous restraints” with no protection against “subsequent restraints” (punishment) of seditious expression. Neo-Blackstonians further claim that “[n]o other definition of freedom of the press by anyone anywhere in America before 1798” existed. This book, by contrast, concludes that a broad definition and understanding of freedoms of press and speech was the dominant context of the First Amendment and of Fox’s Libel Act. Its basis is hundreds of examples of a broad understanding of freedoms of press and speech, in both Britain and America, in the late eighteenth century. For example, a book published in London in 1760 by a Scottish lawyer, George Wallace, stated that it is tyranny “to restrain the freedom of speculative disquisitions,” and because “men have a right to think for themselves, and to publish their thoughts,” it is “monstrous … under the pretext of the authority of laws, which ought never to have been enacted … attempting to restrain the liberty of the press” (seditious libel law). This book also challenges the conventional view of Blackstone and the neo-Blackstonians. Blackstone and Mansfield did not find any definition in the common law, but instead selected the narrowest definition in popular essays from the prior seventy years. Blackstone misdescribed it as an accepted common law definition, which in fact did not exist, and a year later Mansfield inserted a similar definition into the common law for the first time. Both misdescribed that narrow definition and the unique rules for prosecuting sedition as ancient. They were leading a counter-revolution, cloaked as a summary of a narrow and ancient common law doctrine that was neither.

Day case surgery

2021 ◽  
pp. 941-960
Keyword(s):  
Day Surgery ◽  
Day Case ◽  
Day Case Surgery ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Case Surgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Stay Hospital

This chapter studies day case surgery. The definition of day case surgery is the planned day admission of a patient to hospital for a surgical procedure, after which there is subsequent successful and safe discharge back home on the same day. The main rationale behind day surgery is to get patients discharged home following their operations in a safe and timely manner instead of spending prolonged periods within the hospital as an inpatient. This has significant implications, including reducing hospital stay, hospital-acquired infection, and healthcare-related costs while also improving patient experience and service efficiency. Surgical, anaesthetic, and patient factors should be considered for successful day case surgery. The chapter then traces the history of day case surgery, before detailing the common day surgery procedures.

scholarly journals Beyond the Scope of Philosophy and Kabbalah

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Tzahi Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Theological Discourse ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

The turn of the thirteenth century is a formative period for the historiography of medieval Jewish thought. These years saw the dissemination of the Hebrew translations of the Maimonidean corpus, alongside the simultaneous appearance of the first Kabbalistic treatises, in the same geographical regions. This concurrent appearance led scholars to examine Jewish theological discourse mainly via two juxtaposed categories: “Philosophy” and “Kabbalah”. In this paper, I will return to that formative moment in order to demonstrate that exploring Jewish history of ideas beyond the scope of these categories could be very advantageous in improving our understanding of both categories and the Jewish theological inner-dynamics in this period as a whole. I will draw attention to a contemporary theological attitude, which is neither Kabbalistic nor philosophical, which I will define as a medieval form of Jewish binitarianism. My argument in this paper will be composed of two parts—first, outlining the nature of this medieval Jewish theological trend, and second, showing how a precise definition of this belief within its context alters crucial notions and understandings in the common scholarly historiography of medieval Jewish thought.

scholarly journals Aktivnyye russkiye poslovitsytematicheskoy gruppy «Sud'ba»i ikh serbskiye poslovichnyye sootvet·stviya (na fone kitayskogo yazyka)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Hsin-Yun Lee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Language ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

Active Russian proverbs of the thematic group “Destiny” and their Serbian proverbial equivalents (in comparison with the Chinese language). The article is devoted to the comparison of proverbs in three languages (Russian, Serbian and Chinese) based on the multilingual dictionary of M. Yu. Kotova “Russian-Slavic dictionary of proverbs with English equivalents.” As a result of this analysis, the linguistic pictures of the world of the three nations are compared. The object of the research is the proverb as a linguocultural phenomenon, the subject is proverbs about fate in the Russian, Serbian and Chinese languages. The study reveals the common features of Russian, Serbian and Chinese proverbs about fate (thematic group “Destiny”), and also points out the differences. The work provides a definition of a proverb considered as the object of research in three languages; compares trilingual proverbs about fate in parallels, and also explores full proverbial parallels, proverbial parallels with another internal form (analogs) and lacunae. Keywords: proverb, paremiology, thematic group, destiny, Russian, Serbian, Chinese

scholarly journals A Man, Who Never Stopped Dreaming of Humane India: Swami Agnivesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Venkat Rao Pulla ◽  
Bharath Bhushan Mamidi
Keyword(s):  
Social Activism ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
The Political ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Activists ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

We share two observations based on what we have seen in India. First, that the hegemonic politics in India ushered in institutional and structural inequalities in their wake and second, that the political leadership continued to be aspirational irrespective of ideologies desiring to scale up in the hierarchy of global economic and political power. These two observations pertain to the contemporary history of five decades of development in India. As a result of the above two observations, we make a further two observations that for the Aām Aādmi (the common man), the political parties that sit in the government and their respective ideologies do not matter. And for the state and the political elites, the negative consequences such as marginalisation, exclusion and desperation of the common folks that emanate from the models chosen for development do not matter.   It is in such contexts, social activists argue for a legitimate space for the vying intersects of poverty, caste, class, occupations, habitats amidst such motivated globalisation. They also continue to raise difficult conversations around patriarchy, religious hierarchy, bonded labour, and the girl child.  One such social activist that was concerned about all the above issues was Swami Agnivesh.  He was not antigovernment, anti-democracy, anti-institutional, anti-hierarchy, anti-religious. He sought to restore a new and deeper meaning of freedom (democracy), a new meaning of hierarchy, social care, and even a new definition of spirituality that is social. He was a man who never stopped dreaming of humanising India. In this article, we reminisce about our association with Swami Agnivesh and attempt to espouse his thought based on our hearing, reading, and reflection.    Briefly, we present his life, achievements, and social activism, and more importantly, we attempt to interpret his conception of social spirituality and the ‘power of love’.

The Structure of French Romantic Histories of Religions

Numen ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-286
Author(s):  
Arthur McCalla
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThis article analyzes the histories of religions of Louis de Bonald, Antoine Fabre d'Olivet, Pierre-Simon Ballanche, and Ferdinand d'Eckstein. Rather than offer yet another definition of Romanticism, it seeks to establish a framework by which to render intelligible a set of early nineteenth-century French histories of religions that have been largely ignored in the history of the study of religion. It establishes their mutual affinity by demonstrating that they are built on the common structural elements of an essentialist ontology, an epistemology that eludes Kantian pessimism, and a philosophy of history that depicts development as the unfolding of a preexistent essence according to an a priori pattern. Consequent upon these structural elements we may identify five characteristics of French Romantic histories of religions: organic developmentalism; reductionism; hermeneutic of harmonies; apologetic intent; and reconceptualization of Christian doctrine. Romantic histories of religions, as syntheses of traditional faith and historical-mindedness, are at once a chapter in the history of the study of religion and in the history of religious thought.

The Debate over the Nature of Motion: John Buridan, Nicole Oresme and Albert of Saxony. With an Edition of John Buridan's Quaestiones super libros Physicorum, secundum ultimam lecturam, Book III, q. 7

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 186-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Thijssen
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Common Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pierre Duhem ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University ◽  
Conceptual Language

AbstractThe so-called 'Buridan school' at the University of Paris has obtained a considerable fame in the history of science. Pierre Duhem had made some bold claims about the achievements by John Buridan and his 'pupils' Nicole Oresme and Albert of Saxony in the field of medieval dynamics. Although generally, Duhem's views are no longer accepted, the idea of a 'Buridan school' has survived. This idea is, however, misleading. John Buridan, Nicole Oresme and Albert of Saxony should rather be viewed as members of an intellectual network. While interested in similar philosophical themes and understanding each other's conceptual language, they also disagreed about numerous topics. One case in point is the nature of motion, as discussed in their respective Questions on the Physics. Despite the common features of the language in which they discuss motion, the three thinkers defend different positions. This article compares the three sets of Questions on the Physics and presents a critical edition of Buridan's "ultima lectura", Book III, q. 7.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document