Jump Relaxation: Simple Equations, Relevant Functions, and Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts Behavior

1990 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Funke
Keyword(s):  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
Structural Disorder ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Analytic Expressions ◽  
Repulsive Coulomb ◽  
Simple Equations ◽  
Mobile Ions ◽  
First Time

AbstractSolid electrolytes with structural disorder generally exhibit characteristic deviations from standard-theory spectra. The effect is known as “universal” dynamic response. In the jump-relaxation model, the phenomena are consistently explained in terms of the non-random hopping resulting from the repulsive Coulomb interaction among the mobile ions. In previous stages of the development of the model, the treatment required either crude approximations or extensive numerical calculations. Now. however, we are able to present, for the first time. simple analytic expressions for the relevant time correlation functions, derived from the rate equations of the model. In particular, the dependence of the ionic conductivity on frequency and temperature is now expressed by a simple equation. Furthermore, we recover the Kohlrausch-Williams- Watts behavior and find the KWW exponent. β. and the mismatch parameter of our model, α. to be identical. The validity of the KWW law is shown to be limited to the dispersive regime on the frequency and time scales.

Ultrasonic Attenuation Peaks Near the Diffuse Transition Temperature in Solid Electrolytes with Fluorite Structure

1988 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Manasreh ◽  
D. O. Pederson ◽  
T. S. Aurora
Keyword(s):  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
Ultrasonic Attenuation ◽  
Linear Thermal Expansion ◽  
Fluorite Structure ◽  
Relaxation Rates ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Anomalous Peak ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

AbstractMeasurements of the ultrasonic attenuation and velocity have been made in solid electrolytes with fluorite structure, PbF2, BaF2, and CdF2, from room temperature to temperature at or above the diffuse solid electrolyte transition temperature, Tc. The ultrasonic attenuation peaks observed in this class of materials are associated only with the ionic conductivity saturation rather than in combination with crystallographic phase transition found in many other solid electrolytes. The relaxation rates and Arrhenius activation energies for anion motion above the transition temperature were obtained from the temperature dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation and the theory of local site fluctuations. The ultrasonic attenuation peaks observed for the first time in CdF2was used to define the diffuse transition temperature in this material. An Anomalous peak is also observed in the linear thermal expansion coefficient of PbF2.

Introducing Exchange-Rate Equations Into a World Econometric Model

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Wren-Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Rate System ◽  
The World ◽  
Exchange Rate System ◽  
World Economic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Economic Forecasts

In this Review the Institute's world economic forecasts are for the first time produced with the aid of a large quarterly econometric model. The general features of this model are described in an Appendix to the World Economy chapter in this Review. The model is based on the WEP (World Economic Prospects) model which has been operated and developed by economists in HM Treasury for more than a decade. However, exchange rates in WEP are exogenous, and this article discusses the estimation of an exchange-rate system for the model, and its implications in terms of overall model properties.

Effective energy landscapes for mobile ions in solid electrolytes

2004 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Adams
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
Transport Mechanism ◽  
Bond Valence ◽  
Trivalent Cation ◽  
Effective Energy ◽  
Energy Landscapes ◽  
Mobile Species ◽  
Mobile Ions

ABSTRACTBond valence mismatch landscapes may serve as simple models of the effective energy landscapes for mobile ions in solid electrolytes. Thereby they provide a tool to identify the ion transport mechanism and allow to predict the activation energy of the ionic conduction. Accounting for the mass dependence of the conversion from the BV mismatch into an activation energy scale yields a correlation that holds for different types of mobile cations. While in most cases the analysis of bond valence mismatch landscapes is consistent with the ion transport mechanism derived from experimental or other computational evidence, the presumed prototype of trivalent cation conductors Sc2(WO4)3 is discussed as an example, where the BV analysis of transport pathways suggests that the interpretation of previous experimental investigations has to be reconsidered. Both bond valence calculations and molecular dynamics simulations suggests that the most probable mobile species in stoichiometric Sc2(WO4)3 is neither Sc3+ nor individual O2- but the complex divalent anion WO42-.

scholarly journals On the Lithium Distribution in Halide Superionic Argyrodites by Halide Incorporation in Li7−xPS6−xClx

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Gautam ◽  
Michael Ghidiu ◽  
Emmanuelle Suard ◽  
Marvin Kraft ◽  
Wolfgang Zeier
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Disorder ◽  
Average Charge ◽  
Neutron Diffraction Data ◽  
Anionic Charge ◽  
Solid State Batteries ◽  
All Solid State Batteries

<p>Superionic lithium argyrodites are attractive as solid electrolytes for all-solid-state-batteries. These materials of composition Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>X (X = Cl, Br, and I) exhibit structural disorder between the X<sup>−</sup>/S<sup>2−</sup> positions, with higher disorder realizing better Li<sup>+</sup> transport. Further replacement of the sulfide by chloride anions (for the series Li<sub>7</sub><sub>−x</sub>PS<sub>6</sub><sub>−x</sub>Cl<sub>x</sub>) has been shown to increase the ionic conductivity. However, the underlying changes to the lithium substructure are still relatively unknown. Here we explore a larger range of nominal halide compositions in this material from x = 0.25 to x = 1.5 and explore the changes with neutron diffraction and impedance spectroscopy. The replacement of S<sup>2−</sup> by Cl<sup>−</sup>causes a lowered average charge in the center of the prevalent Li<sup>+</sup> “cages”, which in turn causes weaker interactions with Li<sup>+</sup> ions. Analysis of neutron diffraction data reveals that the increased Cl<sup>−</sup> content causes these clustered Li<sup>+</sup> “cages” to become more interconnected, thereby increasing Li<sup>+</sup> conductivity through the structure. This study explores the understanding of the fundamental structure–transport correlations in the argyrodites, specifically structural changes withinthe Li<sup>+</sup> ion substructure upon changing anionic charge distribution.</p>

Volcanic reconstruction and geochemistry of the Powderhouse formation in the Paleoproterozoic VMS-hosting Chisel sequence, Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
V.C. Friesen ◽  
Y.M. DeWolfe ◽  
H.L. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flows ◽  
Explosive Volcanism ◽  
Massive Sulfide ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Bottom Currents ◽  
Vms Deposits ◽  
Mass Flows ◽  
Fault Scarps ◽  
First Time ◽  
Stratigraphic Interval

The Powderhouse formation of the Paleoproterozoic Snow Lake arc assemblage comprises the stratigraphic footwall to six volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits at Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada. It is interpreted to be a product of voluminous pyroclastic eruptions and concomitant subsidence followed by a period of relative volcanic quiescence that was dominated by suspension sedimentation, the reworking of previously deposited pyroclastic units by debris flows and bottom currents, and localized emplacement of rhyolite domes. The rhyolite domes are spatially associated with the Chisel, Chisel North, Lost, Ghost, Photo, and Lalor deposits. The Chisel, Lalor, and Lost members compose the Powderhouse formation and are subdivided into 13 lithologically distinct lithofacies, which allows, for the first time, correlation of stratigraphy between the South Chisel basin and Lalor areas, critical in predicting the location of largely stratiform VMS deposits. The Chisel and Lalor members contain lithofacies and bedforms that are characteristic of emplacement by subaqueous pyroclastic mass flows and concomitant subsidence. The Chisel member also contains coarse volcaniclastic breccias emplaced by mass debris flows derived from movement along fault scarps following early pyroclastic eruptions, and during continued subsidence. The Lost member consists of lithofacies deposited by mass flows generated from faults scraps during continued subsidence, but also contains lithofacies reworked by bottom currents, those deposited by suspension sedimentation, and, locally, coherent rhyolite. The Lost member represents a time stratigraphic interval, the “ore interval”, that marks contemporaneous rhyolite dome emplacement, VMS formation, and a hiatus in explosive volcanism.

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE INPUT POWER OF DISCRETE TUNABLE RESONATOR ON THE CUTS OF HOMOGENEOUS LONG LINES

2018 ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
N. E. Unru
Keyword(s):  
Input Power ◽  
Pin Diodes ◽  
Tunable Resonators ◽  
Long Line ◽  
Analytic Expressions ◽  
Tunable Resonator ◽  
First Time

In the article the questions of building of discrete tunable resonator on segment of homogeneous long line in terms of the level of permissible input power are consider. For the first time a analytic expressions that allow calculating the maximum input power of a discrete tunable resonator on a segment of homogeneous long line are obtained. Analytic expressions for the solution of the problem of synthesis of a discrete tunable resonator - the calculation of the requirements for the parameters of pin-diodes and the tuning capacitors for the required level of maximum input power also are presented. The results of experiments and calculations confirm the possibility of constructing powerful tunable resonators and filters based on them with a short tunable time.

COMBINED TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANUFACTURING PARTS IN SOLID ELECTROLYTES

2022 ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
В.П. Смоленцев ◽  
А.А. Извеков
Keyword(s):  
Solid Electrolyte ◽  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Static State ◽  
Working Medium ◽  
Processing Modes ◽  
Processing Zone ◽  
First Time

Рассмотрены вопросы изготовления открытых и полуоткрытых полостей в труднообрабатываемых деталях путем использования твердого электролита, наносимого на заготовку перед установкой удаляемой вставки. Показаны особенности протекания процесса анодного растворения припуска при статическом состоянии рабочей среды. Такие исследования выполнены впервые. Разработаны и проверены на практике изготовления типовых деталей режимы обработки для реализации процесса. Показано, что твердые электролиты имеют перспективы для дальнейшего использования при проектировании технологических процессов изготовления сложнопрофильных изделий из металлических труднообрабатываемых материалов, в том числе внедряемых на создаваемых образцах ракетно-космической техники. Они расширяют технологические возможности комбинированных методов, в которых одним из воздействующих факторов является электрическое и электромагнитное поле с высокой концентрацией мощности в импульсе. Впервые достигнута возможность разделять сборочные единицы путем образования зазора между сопрягаемыми деталями без доступа в зону обработки жидкой рабочей среды, определяющей возможность локального съема припуска в месте сопряжения и удаления слоя материала, достаточного для разборки узлов. Заложены основы использования для нанесения твердого электролита аддитивных технологий путем наращивания равномерных слоев перед сборкой изделия. Предлагаемая технология перспективна для изготовления сборных конструкций с ограниченным доступом инструмента в зону выполнения операции. Кроме того, новая технология может успешно применяться в процессе ремонта машин We considered the issues of manufacturing open and semi-open cavities in difficult-to-machine parts by using solid electrolyte applied to the workpiece before installing the removable insert. We show the features of the process of anodic dissolution of the allowance at a static state of the working medium. Such studies have been performed for the first time. We developed and tested in practice the processing modes for the implementation of the process for the manufacture of standard parts. We show that solid electrolytes have prospects for further use in the design of technological processes for the manufacture of complex-profile products from metal hard-to-machine materials, including those introduced on the created samples of rocket and space technology. They expand the technological capabilities of combined methods, in which one of the influencing factors is an electric and electromagnetic field with a high concentration of power in a pulse. For the first time, the ability to separate assembly units by forming a gap between mating parts without access to the processing zone of a liquid working medium has been achieved, which determines the possibility of local removal of the allowance at the mating point and removal of a layer of material sufficient for disassembling the units. We laid the foundations for the use of additive technologies for applying solid electrolyte by building up uniform layers before assembling the product. The proposed technology is promising for the manufacture of prefabricated structures with limited tool access to the operation area. In addition, the new technology can be successfully applied in the process of car repair

Computational Tools

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving R. Epstein ◽  
John A. Pojman
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Numerical Continuation ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Experimental Time Series ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
Simple Equations

It is fair to say that the field of nonlinear chemical dynamics would not be where it is today, and perhaps it would not exist at all, without fast digital computers. As we saw in Chapter 1, the numerical simulation of the essential behavior of the BZ reaction (Edelson et al., 1975) did much both to support the FKN mechanism and to make credible the idea that chemical oscillators could be understood without invoking any new principles of chemical kinetics. In 1975, solving those differential equations challenged the most advanced machines of the day, yet the computers used then were less powerful than many of today’s home computers! Despite the present widespread availability of computing power, there remain many challenging computational problems in nonlinear dynamics, and even seemingly simple equations can be difficult to solve or maybe even lead to spurious results. In this chapter, we will look at some of the most widely used computational techniques, try to provide a rudimentary understanding of how the methods work (and how they can fail!), and list some of the tools that are available. There are several reasons for utilizing the techniques described in this chapter: 1. For a complicated system, it is generally not possible to measure all of the rate constants in a proposed mechanism. One way to estimate the remaining parameters is to simulate numerically the behavior of the system, varying the unknown rate constants until the model satisfactorily reproduces the experimental behavior. 2. If a mechanism, which may consist of dozens of elementary chemical reactions, is valid, then it should reproduce the observed dynamical behavior. Proposed mechanisms are most commonly tested by integrating the corresponding rate equations numerically and comparing the results with the experimental time series, or by comparing the results of many such simulations with different initial conditions (or of a numerical continuation study) to the experimental phase diagram. 3. Numerical results can act as a guide to further experiments. The real reason for developing models is not to interpolate between our experimental observations but to extrapolate into unknown realms.

Quantifying the Density and Mobility of Mobile Ions in Solid Electrolytes By Transient Current Measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol MA2021-01 (37) ◽  
pp. 1177-1177
Author(s):  
Moritz H. Futscher ◽  
Jordi Sastre ◽  
Yaroslav E. Romanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
Transient Current ◽  
Mobile Ions

Appearance of Human Meridian-Like Structure and Acupoints and Its Time Correlation by Infrared Thermal Imaging

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Qin Yang ◽  
Shu-Sen Xie ◽  
Xiang-Long Hu ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Hui Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Pathological Change ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Infrared Thermal Imaging ◽  
Physiological Phenomenon ◽  
First Time

The meridians and acupoints of human bodies at natural condition are investigated among 30 healthy volunteers by infrared thermal imaging technique. The results give clear evidence of the existence of infrared radiant tracks along human meridian courses. The time dependent evolution of the infrared radiant track is observed for the first time. The time rhythm of acupoints is also studied. Our findings not only support the view that infrared radiant tracks along human meridian courses is a normal vital and physiological phenomenon appearing in human beings, but also offer a potential method for noninvasive diagnostic by studying the physiological function and pathological change of meridians or acupoints by means of thermography.

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