Lithium Intercalation in Oxides: EMF Related to Structure and Chemistry

AbstractExperimental results for a number of oxide host materials as electrodes in lithium batteries are compared in order to obtain a better understanding of the factors influencing the emf-composition relationships. These factors are divided into two main groups: Those that are consequences of the structure of the host lattice, and those who follow from the chemistry of the host material. Series of materials with the same structure, but different chemical composition (spinels and MO2(B)) are compared, as well as series of materials with the same chemical composition, LixV2O5, but different structure. These data show that the potential level is mainly determined by the host chemistry, although destabilisation of the host can also give a significant contribution. The host structure will determine the width of the composition interval as well as the inflexions on the emf-curve. The possibility for tailoring the emf by using mixtures of transition metals in the host lattice is discussed.

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Some factors influencing the chemical composition of mixed rumen bacteria

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19740005 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 27-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

R. H. Smith ◽

A. B. Mcallan

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Rumen Bacteria ◽

Host Animal ◽

Adult Cattle ◽

Total N ◽

Adult Sheep ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Mixed Bacteria ◽

Ciliate Protozoa

1. Sheep, cows and calves fitted with rumen cannulas were given diets mostly containing 10–16 g nitrogen/kg dry matter and consisting of roughage and cereals. Mixed bacteria were separated from samples of their rumen contents.2. Bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from calves which were kept in an experimental calf-house with no contact with adult animals (environment A) contained more α-dextran, less total N and higher nucleic acid:total N ratios than similar bacteria from calves reared in contact with adult sheep (environment C) but otherwise treated in an identical way.3. Mixed bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from sheep and cows were similar in composition, with respect to nitrogenous components, to those from the ‘environment C’ calves. This composition did not vary significantly when diets containing differing proportions of roughage were given.4. The ‘environment A’ calves were free of ciliate protozoa. When they were placed in contact with, and were inoculated with rumen contents from, adult cattle (environment B), they rapidly developed a normal protozoal population and the chemical composition of their rumen bacteria became like that of the bacteria from the ‘environment C’ calves.5. Mixed bacteria taken just before a feed, from either cows or ‘environment A’ calves, showed significantly lower RNA-N:total N ratios and slightly (but not usually significantly) higher DNA-N:total N ratios than bacteria taken 4–6 h after feeding. Total N contents of the bacteria did not change consistently with time after feeding.6. The possible significance of these differences in relation to the nutrition of the host animal is discussed.

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Nanometer-Scale Composite Structures Formed by Simultaneous Oblique Sputter-Deposition of Two Materials from Different Directions

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-206-423 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 206 ◽

Author(s):

Tomoyoshi Motohiro ◽

Yasuhiko Takeda ◽

Yoshihide Watanabe ◽

Shoji Noda

Keyword(s):

Composite Structures ◽

Polar Angle ◽

Sputter Deposition ◽

Nanometer Scale ◽

Metal Insulator ◽

Host Materials ◽

Oblique Deposition ◽

Host Structure ◽

Optical Applications ◽

Nonlinear Optical Applications

ABSTRACTOblique depositlon(OD) provides an attractive anisotropic structure In nm-scale as a promising host structure to form anisotropic nm-scale composites(ANSC). Among a variety of possible methods to introduce a guest material Into the host structure of OD, we have attempted simultaneous oblique deposition of a guest and a host material from two different directions. The computer simulation for ballistic deposition, which had greatly contributed to the understanding of the morphology evolution in OD, has been carried out again here to design possible ANSC structures and to survey their variations. A typical ANSC structure obtained here is a composite of slender clusters of the guest and the host materials, which can be regarded as an anisotropic version of the well-known isotropic structures of the metal-insulator or semiconductor-insulator cermets for magneto-optical or nonlinear optical applications. This appears when the host and the guest materials are deposited from the directions of the same polar angle of 70° but from the reverse azimuthal directions. In accordance with this result, a specially designed sputtering apparatus has been constructed. Structures and optical anisotropy of the films of several composites' systems such as ZnTe-SiO2 and Cu-SiO2 formed by this apparatus have indicated that our attempt has hit the mark.

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Mn4+ Activated Deep Red Emitting Perovskite Type Phosphors for Horticulture Lighting

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1167.57 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1167 ◽

pp. 57-66

Author(s):

Muhammad Khurram ◽

Florian Baur ◽

Thomas Juestel

Keyword(s):

Emission Spectra ◽

Host Lattice ◽

Luminescence Spectra ◽

Quenching Temperature ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Thermally Activated ◽

Host Materials ◽

Colour Rendering ◽

Perovskite Type ◽

Pl Quenching

Red emitting Mn4+ doped oxides are a promising class of materials to improve the colour rendering and luminous efficacy of phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pcLEDs). For pcLEDs, the optical properties are crucial w.r.t commercial acceptance. In this work, luminescence spectra and decay curves of Sr2YNbO6, Sr2YTaO6 and Sr2LaNbO6 have been recorded, other Mn4+ doped phosphors show that quenching occurs through thermally activated crossover between the 4T2 excited state and 4A2 ground state. The quenching temperature can be optimized by designing the host lattice in which Mn4+ has a high 4T2 state energy. The main target is to study the influence of the above-mentioned host materials on the emission spectra, PL quenching, and quantum yield of the deep red Mn4+ ion. The present study provides detailed insights into temperature and concentration quenching of Mn4+ emission and can be used to realize superior narrow-band red Mn4+ phosphors for horticultural lighting.

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A Study on Slag Composition inside Biomass Boiler System

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.901.113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 901 ◽

pp. 113-117

Author(s):

Jirasak Tharajak ◽

Noppakun Sanpo

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Slag Composition ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Temperature Zone ◽

Biomass Boiler ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Steel Industries ◽

Reliability And Availability

It was found that slagging in high temperature zone is one of the major problems in the refinery, petrochemical, pulp and paper, and steel industries; especially in biomass and coal pulverized power plant. Slagging conditions are critical factors influencing reliability and availability on a biomass utility boiler. In this study, several types of slagging were collected for chemical analysis. It was revealed that the chemical composition and other properties of received slagging showed unique results based on the type of feedstock fuel materials.

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Characteristics and Influence to Fruit Distillates Quality of Rapid Induction of Ageing Character in the Presence of Mulberry Tree (Morus alba L.) Wooden Chips

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Food Science and Technology ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:12317 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Elena MUDURA ◽

Teodora COLDEA ◽

Timea HORVATH ◽

Carmen Rodica POP

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Control Sample ◽

Polyphenolic Compounds ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Rapid Induction ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Mulberry Tree

Research on rapid induction of ageing character to double distilled traditional fruit brandies, from Transylvania region was conducted. Mulberry tree chips were used as an alternative to traditional ageing in wooden barrels. The aim of this study was to highlight the factors influencing the chemical composition of fruit brandies, both depending on the type of the wood used and the transformations occurred during the heat treatment. Fruit distillates were produced after the traditional method – double distillation in copper alambic. The evaluation of the brandies consisted in analyzing the chemical parameters and the phenolic compounds after two months of ageing with wood chips. Results were compared with a control sample (unaged distillate), and found that during the ageing process volatile and non-volatile compounds were extracted significantly. The heat treatment influenced the chemical composition of the wooden chips. The chemical composition of finished products varied due to the composition of the wooden chips used and to the heat treatment applied. Evaluation of volatile and non-volatile compounds formed was carried out by comparison with the samples of the unaged distillate. It was demonstrated the improvement of chemical characteristics and polyphenolic compounds content, by rapidly inducing of the ageing character.

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INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE

Functional Materials Letters ◽

10.1142/s1793604711001877 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 04 (02) ◽

pp. 123-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MUNEHIRO KIMURA ◽

KONRAD ŚWIERCZEK ◽

JACEK MARZEC ◽

JANINA MOLENDA

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Lithium Batteries ◽

Lithium Iron Phosphate ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Iron Phosphate ◽

Electrochemical Tests ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Spectroscopy Studies ◽

Initial Results

In this work we present results of measurements of structural (XRD), microstructural (SEM, EDX, TEM) and transport (electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient) properties as well as results of Mössbauer and FTIR spectroscopy studies of phospho-olivine materials with assumed chemical composition Li 1-3x Al x FePO 4 (x = 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1). Based on the performed research, possibility of lithium sublattice doping by Al is discussed. Additionally, initial results of electrochemical tests of lithium batteries with obtained, phospho-olivine based cathode materials are provided.

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Victimization, Social Structure and Psychosocial Variables: The Case of Spain in 1999 and 2016

Social Sciences ◽

10.3390/socsci8030102 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 102

Author(s):

Gonzalo Herranz de Rafael ◽

Juan Sebastián Fernández-Prados

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Social Structure ◽

Crime Prevention ◽

Regression Models ◽

Significant Contribution ◽

Environmental Design ◽

Psychosocial Variables ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Subjective Perceptions ◽

Factors Influencing

This article reviews the research on the factors influencing victimization and explores the case of Spain. The first section presents a comparative analysis of the data for 1999 and 2016 in terms of perceptions, profiles and the most significant sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. The second section shows an explanatory analysis based on multivariate logistical regression models, using as independent variables sociodemographic and psychosocial items, and the dependent variable is whether one is described as one is described as a victim or no in the 2016 survey. The results point towards an explanatory model of victimization in which sociodemographic variables play a less important role, whereas psychosocial variables related to lifestyle and subjective perceptions make a significant contribution to greater understanding of the nature of being the victim of a crime and offer suggestions on how to improve Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED).

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Factors influencing innate immunity and vaccine responses in infancy

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2014.0148 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 370 (1671) ◽

pp. 20140148 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Beate Kampmann ◽

Christine E Jones

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Early Life ◽

Significant Contribution ◽

Review Article ◽

Challenge Infection ◽

Significant Progress ◽

Infant Deaths ◽

Vaccine Responses ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

The Impact

Despite significant progress in reducing the burden of mortality in children under the age of five, reducing mortality in newborns remains a major challenge. Infection plays a significant role in infant deaths and interventions such as early vaccination or antenatal immunization could make a significant contribution to prevention of such deaths. In the last few years, we have gained new insights into immune ontogeny and are now beginning to understand the impact of vaccines, nutrition and environmental factors on ‘training′ of the immune response in early life. This review article sets out to explain why vaccine responses can be heterogeneous between populations and individuals by providing examples chosen to illustrate the impact of host, pathogen and environmental factors on shaping the immune ‘interactome′ in young children.

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