Assessment of the Use of Microcrystalline Silicon Materials Grown at Rates Near 15 Å/s as i-layer Material for Single and Multi-Junction Solar Cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Jones ◽  
R. Crucet ◽  
R. Capangpangan ◽  
M. Izu ◽  
A. Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Triple Junction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Single Junction ◽  
Bottom Cell ◽  
Junction Device ◽  
Rf Glow Discharge ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACTA microwave-based technique has been used to prepare microcrystalline Si (µc-Si) materials rates near 15 Å/s. The use of these materials as intrinsic layers (i-layers) for single and multi-junction devices has been assessed. Since the high deposition rates allow for fabrication of the required thicker µc-Si i-layers in a similar amount of time to that used for high quality a-SiGe i-layers (rates of 1-3 Å/s), the materials are attractive, low cost replacements for a-SiGe bottom cell i-layers in a-Si/a-SiGe and a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe multi-junction cells. Single-junction nip, a-Si/µc-Si and a-Si/a-SiGe/µc-Si devices have been fabricated. For these devices, the doped and amorphous layers were deposited using conventional rf glow discharge processes and deposition equipment separate from that used to fabricate the µc-Si materials. 7.0% efficiencies have been achieved for single-junction devices while pre-light soaked 9.8 and 11.4% efficiencies have been achieved for the tandem and triple-junction devices, respectively. The single-junction devices exhibit a degradation of only 0-2% after long term (1000 hrs.) of light soaking demonstrating a high degree of stability. Based on the present status, the µc-Si material prepared at high rates qualifies as a reasonable candidate for the i-layer of a bottom cell of a triple-junction device. Improvements in the performance, particularly the FF, will be needed before use in single-junction and tandem devices can be considered.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RELIGIOUS DESIGN OF CEMETERIES AND TOMBSTONES OF THE CHUVASH POPULATION OF THE TSILNINSKY DISTRICT OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
I. E. Kantserova ◽  
◽  
E. Yu. Anisimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Ulyanovsk Region ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
High Degree

On the basis of long-term ethnographic field research, the religious features of the pagan and Orthodox Chuvash burials of the Tsilninsky district of the Ulyanovsk region are considered: the planning and maintenance of cemeteries, the design of graves and tombstones. A high degree of stability of the preservation of burial traditions among the Chuvash pagans, in contrast to the baptized, was revealed. Along with the significant differences identified, there are also similarities, which are reflected in the tradition of visiting a cemetery and commemorating departed ancestors.

scholarly journals A reservoir computing approach for forecasting and regenerating both dynamical and time-delay controlled financial system behavior

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246737
Author(s):  
Rajat Budhiraja ◽  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Mrinal K. Das ◽  
Anil Singh Bafila ◽  
Sanjeev Singh
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Reservoir Computing ◽  
System Behavior ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Future Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Computing Approach

Significant research in reservoir computing over the past two decades has revived interest in recurrent neural networks. Owing to its ingrained capability of performing high-speed and low-cost computations this has become a panacea for multi-variate complex systems having non-linearity within their relationships. Modelling economic and financial trends has always been a challenging task owing to their volatile nature and no linear dependence on associated influencers. Prior studies aimed at effectively forecasting such financial systems, but, always left a visible room for optimization in terms of cost, speed and modelling complexities. Our work employs a reservoir computing approach complying to echo-state network principles, along with varying strengths of time-delayed feedback to model a complex financial system. The derived model is demonstrated to act robustly towards influence of trends and other fluctuating parameters by effectively forecasting long-term system behavior. Moreover, it also re-generates the financial system unknowns with a high degree of accuracy when only limited future data is available, thereby, becoming a reliable feeder for any long-term decision making or policy formulations.

DEVELOPMENT OF VERY LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE SEQUESTRATION PROCESS CRITERIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Nicholas Chan ◽  
Pierre Wong
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Environmental Footprint ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Low Level Radioactive Waste

Segregating radioactive waste at the source and reclassifying radioactive waste to lower waste classes are the key activities to reduce the environmental footprint and long-term liability. In the Canadian Standards Association’s radioactive waste classification system, there are 2 sub-classes within low-level radioactive waste: very short-lived radioactive waste and very low-level radioactive waste (VLLW). VLLW has a low hazard potential but is above the Canadian unconditional clearance criteria as set out in Schedule 2 of Nuclear Substances and Devices Regulations. Long-term waste management facilities for VLLW do not require a high degree of containment and isolation. In general, a relatively low-cost near-surface facility with limited regulatory control is suitable for VLLW. At Canadian Nuclear Laboratories’ Chalk River Laboratories site an initiative, VLLW Sequestration, was implemented in 2013 to set aside potential VLLW for temporary storage and to be later dispositioned in the planned VLLW facility. As of May 2015, a total of 236 m3 resulting in approximately $1.1 million in total savings have been sequestered. One of the main hurdles in implementing VLLW Sequestration is the development of process criteria. Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) are used as a guide or as requirements for determining whether waste is accepted by the waste management facility. Establishment of the process criteria ensures that segregated waste materials have a high likelihood to meet the VLLW WAC and be accepted into the planned VLLW facility. This paper outlines the challenges and various factors which were considered in the development of interim process criteria.

Music as Time's Measure

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Clynes ◽  
Janice Walker
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
String Quartet ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Musical Concepts ◽  
Concert Halls ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
High Degree

Repeated public performances including Beethoven Opus 130, 133, Haydn Opus 76, No. 5, Ravel Quartet, Janacek Quartet 2 by a well-known string quartet recorded live over a number of years in various cities and concert halls (a total of 170 entire movements) when analyzed show a striking long term ultrastability of timing; of the order of 0,2–0.6% for a number of fast and moderately fast movements. Stability was as good as that previously observed for single performers including Toscanini (Clynes & Walker, 1982; Clynes 1969). This indicates that shared musical concepts can be highly stable. Slower movements tend to be relatively less stable. Tempo compensation is often present so that if parts of a piece are played somewhat faster, other parts are correspondingly played slower to tend to maintain overall timing (as had been earlier found for single performances). Seven performances of Janacek's second quartet revealed what appeared as quantized small total duration changes. When examined for quantal tempo steps, 84 other performances of movements revealed apparent preferred tempo steps of 0.5% (0.48 ± 0.02). Performances of the first five movements of Beethoven's Opus 130 were all significantly slower when the Grosse Fuge was substituted for the finale. The high degree of stability otherwise observed indicates that environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, size of the hall, and variation of acoustics had little influence on the timing. The findings are significant in relation to the properties of the psychobiologic clocks involved; they show how musical concepts can precisely govern their long-term temporal realization, involving time spans of the order of 30 min., even when shared by four individuals; and further, that such shared concepts can remain stable over periods of several years.

scholarly journals Photovoltaic Partner Selection for High-efficiency Photovoltaic-electrolytic Water Splitting Systems: Brief Review and Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
DUY PHONG PHAM ◽  
Sunhwa Lee ◽  
Junsin Yi
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Triple Junction ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Manufacture Process ◽  
Junction Device ◽  
Double Junction ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Good Trade

Abstract Photovoltaic-electrolysis water splitting (PV-EWS) is the most promising approach for high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency. The present PV-EWS systems achieve the highest STH performance by using a III−V triple-junction configuration, which, however, involves a complex and expensive manufacture process. Therefore, in this work, we demonstrate a III−V double junction device that can be used as an alternative to the III−V triple-junction device for high STH conversion efficiency of the PV-EWS systems. We estimate the STH performance via coupling world-recorded multi-junction photovoltaic (PV) and our experimented cell configurations with an EWS system. The results show that the III−V double junction, owing to the good trade-off between the efficiency loss and compensation, exhibits a higher STH efficiency than the III−V triple-junction. Furthermore, strategies for improving the efficiency of the III−V double junction device for low-cost PV-EWS system are discussed.

Fine Particle Mass Monitoring with Low-Cost Sensors: Corrections and Long-Term Performance Evaluation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Malings ◽  
Rebecca Tanzer ◽  
Aliaksei Hauryliuk ◽  
Provat K. Saha ◽  
Allen L. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Particle Mass ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef Pollack ◽  
Gergely Rosta
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
West Germany ◽  
World Today ◽  
The World ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Religious Landscape

In recantation of his earlier approach, Peter L. Berger now claims: ‘The world today, with some exceptions […], is as furiously religious as it ever was, and in some places more so than ever.’ The most important exception that Berger refers to is Western Europe. The introduction to Part II provides an overview of the religious landscape in Western Europe. The data show that the current religious situation in the countries of Western Europe is in fact subject to considerable variation. It would therefore be erroneous to describe Western Europe as secularized. At the same time, the data reveal that there have been clear secularization tendencies over the last few decades. To grasp the diversity of religious tendencies, Part II deals with three cases: West Germany with moderate downward tendencies, Italy with a considerably high degree of stability, and the Netherlands displaying disproportionately strong secularizing tendencies.

scholarly journals Wittichenite semiconductor of Cu3BiS3 films for efficient hydrogen evolution from solar driven photoelectrochemical water splitting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingwang Huang ◽  
Lintao Li ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Kuang Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solar Hydrogen ◽  
Onset Potential ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Solar Water Splitting ◽  
Current Densities

AbstractA highly efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly photocathode with long-term stability is the goal of practical solar hydrogen evolution applications. Here, we found that the Cu3BiS3 film-based photocathode meets the abovementioned requirements. The Cu3BiS3-based photocathode presents a remarkable onset potential over 0.9 VRHE with excellent photoelectrochemical current densities (~7 mA/cm2 under 0 VRHE) and appreciable 10-hour long-term stability in neutral water solutions. This high onset potential of the Cu3BiS3-based photocathode directly results in a good unbiased operating photocurrent of ~1.6 mA/cm2 assisted by the BiVO4 photoanode. A tandem device of Cu3BiS3-BiVO4 with an unbiased solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 2.04% is presented. This tandem device also presents high stability over 20 hours. Ultimately, a 5 × 5 cm2 large Cu3BiS3-BiVO4 tandem device module is fabricated for standalone overall solar water splitting with a long-term stability of 60 hours.

Hate Crime and Place: The Spatial and Temporal Concentration of Bias-Motivated Crime in Washington, D.C.

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052098781
Author(s):  
Marin R. Wenger ◽  
Brendan Lantz
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Spatial Stability ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Block Groups ◽  
Street Segments

Prior research suggests that many crime types are spatially concentrated and stable over time. Hate crime, however, is a unique crime type that is etiologically distinct from others. As such, examination of hate crime from a spatial and temporal perspective offers an opportunity to understand hate crime and the spatial concentration of crime more generally. The current study examines the spatial stability of hate crimes reported to the police in Washington, D.C., from 2012 through 2018 using street segments, intersections, and block groups as units of analysis. Findings reveal that hate crime is spatially concentrated, with less than 4% of street segments and intersections experiencing hate crime over the study period. Results reveal a high degree of spatial stability, both year-to-year and over the long term even when restricting the analysis to units that experienced at least one hate crime.

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