Carbon Nanofiber Surface Roughness Increases Osteoblast Adhesion

2003 ◽  
Vol 774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S. Ellison ◽  
Rachel L. Price ◽  
Karen M. Haberstroh ◽  
Thomas J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Osteoblast Adhesion ◽  
High Degree

AbstractThe present study demonstrated for the first time desirable cytocompatibility properties of carbon nanofibers pertinent for bone prosthetic applications. Specifically, osteoblast (boneforming cells), fibroblast (cells contributing to callus formation and fibrous encapsulation events that result in implant loosening), chondrocyte (cartilage-forming cells), and smooth muscle cell (for comparison purposes) adhesion were determined on carbon nanofibers in the present in vitro study. Results provided evidence that nanometer dimension carbon fibers promoted select osteoblast adhesion, in contrast to the performance of conventional carbon fibers. Moreover, adhesion of other cells was not influenced by carbon fiber dimensions. To determine properties that selectively enhanced osteoblast adhesion, similar cell adhesion assays were performed on poly-lactic-co-glycolic (PLGA) casts of carbon fiber compacts previously tested. Compared to PLGA casts of conventional carbon fibers, results provided the first evidence of enhanced select osteoblast adhesion on PLGA casts of nanophase carbon fibers. The summation of these results demonstrate that due to a high degree of nanometer surface roughness, carbon fibers and PLGA with nanometer surface dimensions may be optimal materials to selectively increase osteoblast adhesion necessary for successful orthopedic implant applications.

Cytocompatibility of Carbon Nanofiber Materials for Neural Applications

2003 ◽  
Vol 774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice L. McKenzie ◽  
Michael C. Waid ◽  
Riyi Shi ◽  
Thomas J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Pc 12 Cells ◽  
Low Surface Energy ◽  
Poly Carbonate

AbstractSince the cytocompatibility of carbon nanofibers with respect to neural applications remains largely uninvestigated, the objective of the present in vitro study was to determine cytocompatibility properties of formulations containing carbon nanofibers. Carbon fiber substrates were prepared from four different types of carbon fibers, two with nanoscale diameters (nanophase, or less than or equal to 100 nm) and two with conventional diameters (or greater than 200 nm). Within these two categories, both a high and a low surface energy fiber were investigated and tested. Astrocytes (glial scar tissue-forming cells) and pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12; neuronal-like cells) were seeded separately onto the substrates. Results provided the first evidence that astrocytes preferentially adhered on the carbon fiber that had the largest diameter and the lowest surface energy. PC-12 cells exhibited the most neurites on the carbon fiber with nanodimensions and low surface energy. These results may indicate that PC-12 cells prefer nanoscale carbon fibers while astrocytes prefer conventional scale fibers. A composite was formed from poly-carbonate urethane and the 60 nm carbon fiber. Composite substrates were thus formed using different weight percentages of this fiber in the polymer matrix. Increased astrocyte adherence and PC-12 neurite density corresponded to decreasing amounts of the carbon nanofibers in the poly-carbonate urethane matrices. Controlling carbon fiber diameter may be an approach for increasing implant contact with neurons and decreasing scar tissue formation.

Cytocompatibility and Material Properties of Poly-carbonate Urethane/Carbon Nanofiber Composites for Neural Applications

2003 ◽  
Vol 774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice L. McKenzie ◽  
Michael C. Waid ◽  
Riyi Shi ◽  
Thomas J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Poly Carbonate

AbstractCarbon nanofibers possess excellent conductivity properties, which may be beneficial in the design of more effective neural prostheses, however, limited evidence on their cytocompatibility properties exists. The objective of the present in vitro study was to determine cytocompatibility and material properties of formulations containing carbon nanofibers to predict the gliotic scar tissue response. Poly-carbonate urethane was combined with carbon nanofibers in varying weight percentages to provide a supportive matrix with beneficial bulk electrical and mechanical properties. The substrates were tested for mechanical properties and conductivity. Astrocytes (glial scar tissue-forming cells) were seeded onto the substrates for adhesion. Results provided the first evidence that astrocytes preferentially adhered to the composite material that contained the lowest weight percentage of carbon nanofibers. Positive interactions with neurons, and, at the same time, limited astrocyte functions leading to decreased gliotic scar tissue formation are essential for increased neuronal implant efficacy.

Helical Rosette Nanotubes as a Potentially More Effective Orthopaedic Implant Material

2004 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Lin Chun ◽  
Hicham Fenniri ◽  
Thomas J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Orthopaedic Implant ◽  
Rosette Nanotubes ◽  
Osteoblast Adhesion ◽  
Organic Nanotubes ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTOrganic nanotubes called helical rosette nanotubes (HRN) have been synthesized in this study for bone tissue engineering applications. They possess intriguing properties for various bionanotechnology applications since they can be designed to mimic the nanostructured constituent components in bone such as collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) which bone cells are naturally accustomed to interacting with. This is in contrast to currently used orthopaedic materials such as titanium which do not possess desirable nanometer surface roughness. The objective of this in vitro study was to determine bone-forming cell (osteoblasts) interactions on titanium coated with HRNs. Results of this study showed for the first time increased osteoblast adhesion on titanium coated with HRNs compared to those not coated with HRNs. In this manner, this study provided evidence that HRNs should be further considered for orthopaedic applications.

Increased, Directed Osteoblast Adhesion at Nanophase Ti and Ti6Al4V Particle Boundaries

2003 ◽  
Vol 806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Webster ◽  
Jeremiah U. Ejiofor
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Metal Particle ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Orthopedic Implant ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Nanophase Materials ◽  
Osteoblast Adhesion

ABSTRACTIncreased functions of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) have been demonstrated on nanophase compared to conventional ceramics (specifically, alumina, titania, and hydroxyapatite), polymers (such as poly-lactic-glycolic acid and polyurethane), carbon nanofibers, and composites thereof. Nanophase materials are materials that simulate dimensions of constituent components of bone since they possess particle or grain sizes less than 100 nm. However, to date, interactions of osteoblasts on nanophase compared to conventional metals remain to be elucidated. For this reason, the objective of the present in vitro study was to design, fabricate, and evaluate osteoblast adhesion on nanophase metals (specifically, Ti and Ti6Al4V). Results of this study provided the first evidence of increased osteoblast adhesion on nanophase compared to conventional Ti-based metals. Moreover, directed osteoblast adhesion was observed preferentially at metal particle boundaries. It is speculated that since more particle boundaries were created through the use of nanophase compared to conventional metals, increased osteoblast adhesion resulted. Because adhesion is a necessary prerequisite for subsequent functions of osteoblasts (such as deposition of calcium-containing mineral), the present study suggests that Ti-based nanophase metals should be further considered for orthopedic implant applications.

scholarly journals A Low Cost Carbon Nanofiber Based Spiral Inductor: Inference and Implementation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wiselin ◽  
Sreeja Balakrishnapillai Suseela ◽  
Bycil Viswambaran Jalaja ◽  
Sherin Dhas Sahayadas Padma Ramani ◽  
Rajesh Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Quality Factor ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Spiral Inductor ◽  
Hardware Implementations

This paper investigates the possibilities of using carbon fiber as an inductor material by analyzing its inductive properties. Various shapes such as rectangular, spiral, helical, and cylindrical line structures have been simulated under various constraints using simulation software. Hardware implementations were also tested and both simulation and hardware results show that carbon fibers have the potential to replace copper inductor lines. The implemented spiral inductor produced a quality factor of 40 while producing an inductance of 4 nH at 1.2 GHz frequency.

Small Diameter, High Surface Energy Carbon Nanofiber Formulations that Selectively Increase Osteoblast Function

2001 ◽  
Vol 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Price ◽  
Kathy L. Elias ◽  
Karen M. Haberstroh ◽  
Thomas J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Calcium Deposition ◽  
Time Points

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present in vitro study was to investigate the potential of carbon nanofibers, which have nanometer dimensions similar to hydroxyapatite crystals in physiological bone, for orthopedic applications. Studies of alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition by osteoblasts (the bone-synthesizing cells) were performed on both nanophase (less than 100 nm) and conventional (greater than 100 nm) diameter carbon nanofibers. Results provided the first evidence of a strong correlation between decreased carbon fiber diameter and both increased alkaline phosphatase activity and increased calcium deposition by osteoblasts at early time points (specifically, 7 days), but not at later time points (specifically, 14 and 21 days). Results of early calcium deposition by osteoblasts on carbon nanofibers are promising and consistent with the desired rapid formation of natural bone at the implant interface.

Decreased Macrophage Density on Carbon Nanofiber Patterns

2006 ◽  
Vol 950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Youl Kim ◽  
Dongwoo Khang ◽  
Jong Eun Lee ◽  
Thomas J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Macrophage Density ◽  
Macrophage Adhesion ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTIn this study, we describe the selective adhesion 4 hour and proliferation 24 hour and 4 days of inflammatory cells (specifically, macrophages) on aligned carbon nanofiber/nanotube patterns on a polymer matrix. The results showed for the first time that macrophage adhesion and proliferation on aligned Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was significantly less than on the polymer matrix. The present in vitro study thus provided evidence of the ability of CNFs to down-regulate macrophage adhesion and proliferation important to decrease harmful body reaction, which is imperative for the future consideration of CNFs for numerous implant applications.

Manufacture and application of lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs) and lignin-based carbon nanofibers (LCNFs)

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1794-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Fang ◽  
Sheng Yang ◽  
Xi-Luan Wang ◽  
Tong-Qi Yuan ◽  
Run-Cang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Fiber Materials ◽  
Technical Lignins

This review details recent progress in the conversion of technical lignins to multi-functional, high-value, and promising carbon fiber materials, and discusses their applications.

scholarly journals Effects of the Longitudinal Surface Roughness on Fiber Pull-Out Behavior in Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Yao ◽  
Shaohua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Stress ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced

Surface modifications are known as efficient technologies for advanced carbon fibers to achieve significant improvement of interface adhesion in composites, one of which is to increase the surface roughness in the fiber's longitudinal direction in practice. As a result, many microridges and grooves are produced on carbon fiber's surfaces. How does the surface roughness influence the carbon fiber's pull-out behavior? Are there any restrictions on the relation between the aspect ratio and surface roughness of fibers in order to obtain an optimal interface? Considering the real morphology on carbon fiber's surface, i.e., longitudinal roughness, an improved shear-lag theoretical model is developed in this paper in order to investigate the interface characteristics and fiber pull-out for carbon fiber-reinforced thermosetting epoxy resin (brittle) composites. Closed-form solutions to the carbon fiber stress are obtained as well as the analytical load-displacement relation during pullout, and the apparent interfacial shear strength (IFSS). It is found that the interfacial adhesion and the apparent IFSS are effectively strengthened and improved due to the surface roughness of carbon fibers. Under a given tensile load, an increasing roughness will result in a decreasing fiber stress in the debonded zone and a decreasing debonded length. Furthermore, it is interesting to find that, for a determined surface roughness, an optimal aspect ratio, about 30∼45, of carbon fibers exists, at which the apparent IFSS could achieve the maximum. Comparison to the existing experiments shows that the theoretical model is feasible and reasonable to predict the experimental results, and the theoretical results should have an instructive significance for practical designs of carbon/epoxy composites.

scholarly journals A novel polycaprolactone/carbon nanofiber composite as a conductive neural guidance channel: an in vitro and in vivo study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Farzamfar ◽  
Majid Salehi ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Tavangar ◽  
Javad Verdi ◽  
Korosh Mansouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Damage ◽  
Potential Applicability

AbstractThe current study aimed to investigate the potential of carbon nanofibers to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. The carbon nanofiber-imbedded scaffolds were produced from polycaprolactone and carbon nanofibers using thermally induced phase separation method. Electrospinning technique was utilized to fabricate polycaprolactone/collagen nanofibrous sheets. The incorporation of carbon nanofibers into polycaprolactone’s matrix significantly reduced its electrical resistance from 4.3 × 109 ± 0.34 × 109 Ω to 8.7 × 104 ± 1.2 × 104 Ω. Further in vitro studies showed that polycaprolactone/carbon nanofiber scaffolds had the porosity of 82.9 ± 3.7% and degradation rate of 1.84 ± 0.37% after 30 days and 3.58 ± 0.39% after 60 days. The fabricated scaffolds were favorable for PC-12 cells attachment and proliferation. Neural guidance channels were produced from the polycaprolactone/carbon nanofiber composites using water jet cutter machine then incorporated with PCL/collagen nanofibrous sheets. The composites were implanted into severed rat sciatic nerve. After 12 weeks, the results of histopathological examinations and functional analysis proved that conductive conduit out-performed the non-conductive type and induced no toxicity or immunogenic reactions, suggesting its potential applicability to treat peripheral nerve damage in the clinic.

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