scholarly journals STATUS PEMANFAATAN DAN UPAYA PENANGANAN HIU PAUS (Rhincodon typus) TERDAMPAR DI PERAIRAN INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Budi Nugraha ◽  
Dharmadi Dharmadi ◽  
Ngurah N. Wiadnyana
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Red List ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
The World ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
Shallow Area

Hiu paus merupakan salah satu jenis hiu berukuran terbesar yang ada di dunia dan sudah masuk dalam daftar merah (Red List) untuk spesies terancam IUCN yaitu berstatus terancam punah (endangered). Untuk menjaga agar sumber daya hiu paus tetap terjamin populasinya, maka perlu adanya upaya pengelolaan untuk mendukung pelestarian spesies ini. Dalam makalah ini dibahas tentang strategi pemanfaatan dan penanganan hiu paus yang terdampar di perairan Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei lapang dan wawancara yang dilakukan di Probolinggo dan Situbondo, Jawa Timur. Data dan informasi dihimpun dari penelusuran, dan penelahaan data dan informasi hasil penelitian serta laporan kegiatan yang terkait dengan hiu paus terdampar maupun keberadaannya di beberapa wilayah perairan di Indonesia. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat enam wilayah perairan kemunculan hiu paus di Indonesia, baik yang menetap maupun yang tinggal sementara yaitu di perairan Teluk Cendrawasih, Talisayan, Kaimana, Teluk Gorontalo, Probolinggo, dan Banggai Kepulauan. Jumlah hiu paus yang berada di perairan Indonesia dan tersebar di beberapa wilayah perairan diperkirakan mencapai 253 ekor. dan teramati terbanyak berada di perairan Teluk Cendrawasih sebanyak 131 ekor. Kemunculan hiu paus maupun yang terdampar hampir terjadi setiap tahun dalam kondisi hidup terkadang keadaan mati. Koordinasi antara instansi terkait dan masyarakat dalam menangani dan menyelamatkan hiu paus yang terdampar maupun terjerat jaring saat ini sudah berjalan dengan baik. Terdapat 7 tahapan tata cara penanganan hiu paus terdampar dan ada 4 tahapan dalam rangka menunjang ekowisata hiu paus.Whale shark is one of the largest sharks in the world and on the red list IUCN for endangered species. To ensure that the population of whale sharks remains guaranteed, management efforts are needed to support the conservation of this species. The utilization and handling strategy of the whale sharks that stranded down in several Indonesian waters should be discussed seriously. Field survey method was applied and interview was done in Probolinggo and Situbondo, East Java. Data and information were collected and had been analyzed as well as activities reported that related to whale sharks stranded and their presence in several territorial waters Indonesia waters. The results of the study showed that there were six Indonesia waters area in which whale sharks appeared, both permanent and temporary, namely in Cendrawasih Bay, Talisayan, Kaimana, Gorontalo, Probolinggo, and Banggai Islands. The whale shark number that found in several Indonesian waters had been estimated about 253  individuals and the highest number was found 131 in Cendrawasih Bay. The appearances of whale shark and stranded in Indonesian waters has been almost every year and found in living or in such cases been in dead conditions that trapped in the shallow area. Coordination between related agencies and the community to carry out and rescuing whale sharks stranded or entangled in nets, has been in good progress. There were 7 stages of procedures for handling stranded whale sharks and 4 stages in order to support the ecotourism activities that related with appearances of whale sharks.

scholarly journals Changes in diving behaviour and habitat use of provisioned whale sharks: implications for management

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Araujo ◽  
Jessica Labaja ◽  
Sally Snow ◽  
Charlie Huveneers ◽  
Alessandro Ponzo
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Diving Behaviour ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
The World ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
Temperature Depth

Abstract Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) tourism is increasingly popular at predictable aggregations around the world, but only a few use provisioning to ensure close interactions. Understanding the effects of provisioning on the behaviour of this endangered species is critical to manage this growing industry. We recorded the diving behaviour and habitat use of juvenile whale sharks (n = 4) for a mean of 49.5 provisioned and 33.8 non-provisioned days using temperature-depth-recorders. We found that time spent at the surface (< 2 m) between 6 am and 1 pm increased ~ sixfold, while timing of deep dives shifted from 4–10 am to 10 am–2 pm, i.e. near or at the end of the provisioning activities. The shift might be related to a need to thermoregulate following a prolonged period of time in warmer water. These changes could have fitness implications for individuals frequently visiting the provisioning site. Based on recorded amount of time spent in warm waters and published Q10 values for ectotherms, we estimate a 7.2 ± 3.7% (range 1.3–17.8%) higher metabolic rate when sharks frequent the provisioning site. The observed behavioural, habitat use, and potential fitness shifts should be considered when developing guidelines for sustainable tourism, particularly in light of new provisioning sites developing elsewhere.

scholarly journals The impact of injury on apparent survival of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) in South Ari Atoll Marine Protected Area, Maldives

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Harvey-Carroll ◽  
Joshua D. Stewart ◽  
Daire Carroll ◽  
Basith Mohamed ◽  
Ibrahim Shameel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Apparent Survival ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is an endangered species with a declining global population. The South Ari Atoll Marine Protected Area (SAMPA), Maldives, is one of few locations globally where year-long residency of individuals occurs. This SAMPA aggregation appears to consist almost exclusively of immature males. Due to its year-round residency, this local aggregation is subjected to a high degree of tourism pressure. This ecotourism contributes to the high level of interest and protection offered to whale sharks by the local community. Unfortunately, if regulations are not followed or enforced, tourism can bring with it major stressors, such as accidental injuries. We used POPAN capture-mark-recapture models and lagged identification rate analysis to assess the effect of major injuries on whale shark residency within SAMPA. Injuries may be obtained outside SAMPA. We found individuals with major injuries had a higher apparent survival in the area than those without. Lagged identification rates also demonstrated that sharks with major injuries are more likely to return to the area. We suggest that major injuries result in sharks prolonging their time in the developmental habitat. These findings have implications for individual fitness and the population viability of this endangered species. We propose targeted conservation strategies be considered to protect sharks from further injury. Based on the presented spatio-temporal distributions of sharks, and current local knowledge of sighting patterns, speed limit zones and propeller-exclusion zones should be implemented and enforced. If carried out alongside tourist education, these measures will contribute to the protection of whale sharks within SAMPA and beyond. Furthermore, our results can aid research direction, alongside regulation and enforcement development, at similar sites worldwide.

scholarly journals IUCN status of important ethno botanical plants of Udyavara village (Udupi, Karnataka)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Mohammed Faisal ◽  
◽  
P Shrikanth ◽  
Niveditha Shetty ◽  
Sunil Kumar KN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Endangered Plant ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Conservation Actions

Introduction: 1/4th of all plant species in the world are at risk of being endangered or going extinct. The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health of the world’s biodiversity. It provides information about range, population size, habitat and ecology, use or trade, threats, and conservation actions that will help inform necessary conservation decisions. Hence the study was conducted to explore the status of plants of Udyavara village in IUCN red list of endangered species. Method: The Plant identification was carried in certain areas of Udyavara village by survey method. Authentication done by referring standard flora and experienced taxonomist. The enlisted drugs were studied for its status in IUCN red list. Result: The endangered plant species were explored from 276 identified plants of Udyavara village. Among them 80 evaluated species were identified with its category of endangered red list. Conclusion: The plants encountered under endangered species available in Udyavara Village of Udupi District will guide the practitioner for its judicial use in medicine. Moreover, the conservation of such plant species is possible by further cultivation of the same.

scholarly journals Sizing and scarring of whale shark (Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828) in the Cenderawasih Bay National Park

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-213
Author(s):  
Yusup A Jentewo ◽  
Roni Bawole ◽  
Tresia S Tururaja ◽  
Mudjirahayu Mudjirahayu ◽  
Zeth Parinding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Gill Slit ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
Photo Identification ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
Photo Collection

This study aims to determine the total length and scar condition of the body of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) in Cendrawasih Bay National Park (TNTC), Papua-Indonesia. Photo-identification was used to identify individuals of the whale shark R. typus based on spot patterns behind the last gill slit of each individual. Photo-identification was also used to determine the scar of the whale shark. The total length of whale sharks were estimated based on the length of a snorkeller (assumed to be 1.6 m) swimming alongside the whale shark. We identified 21 individuals of R. typus. Of these 21 individuals, 14 were new sightings and seven were re-sightings that have been recorded in the previous photo collection database. R. typus ranged in size from 2 to 5 m total length (average 3.78 m, ±0,86, N= 21). Based on their size, all individuals of whale shark were categorized as juvenile. 52% of R. typus identified had scars and 38 % were not and 10% were unknown. The majority of whale sharks had amputation (12 individuals) and abrasion (7 individuals) scars. Scars occurred most often on the caudal fin and dorsal fin, five and four individuals respectively. This information is useful for understanding potential threats and designing better management programmes for R. typus conservation in TNTC.

scholarly journals A First Comparison of Microplastics Abundance between Two Whale Shark Feeding Areas of the Gulf of California, Mexico.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Roberta Cardelli ◽  
Francesca Pancaldi ◽  
Felipe Galván Magaña ◽  
Darren Andrew Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Whale Sharks

Abstract Abundance and typology of microplastics (MPs) were measured in 12 water samples collected from two whale sharks feeding areas of the Gulf of California (Bahía de los Angeles (BLA) and Bahia de La Paz (LAP)). The concentration of MPs was 0.47 MPs/ m3 in BLA and 0.63 MPs/ m3 in LAP. Overall, films were the most abundant type of MPs (41%; n = 74) followed by line (37%; n = 68), fragments (20%; n = 36) and pellet (2%; n = 3), with significative differences between the types of microplastics. Theoretical ingestion rate per hour of MPs for the species was determined to be 288.58 and 386.82 in BLA and LAP, respectively. In faecal samples collected directly from animals of LAP (n = 3), 67% of the MPs were films, 25% were fragments, and 8% were lines. Results from this study indicate that MPs are common in the feeding areas of this endangered species and that whale sharks are likely ingesting MPs from filtering the surface water.

scholarly journals Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) behavior: A multi-year analysis of individuals at Georgia Aquarium

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Black ◽  
Matthew Grober ◽  
Christian Schreiber ◽  
Chris Coco ◽  
Alistair Dove
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Time ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioral Profile ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
Daily Changes

Background. From the coastal seas near Taiwan to the 6.3 million gallon Ocean Voyager habitat at Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia, whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, were brought in stages: two females arrived in June 2006 and two males in June 2007. The behavioral observations described in this study began in 2008 as the first reported observations in captivity to assist in husbandry and better understand whale shark behavior variation between individuals and across time. Methods. Two types of observations were made of the four sharks currently in the Georgia Aquarium Ocean Voyager habitat: 1) 15-minute focal observations throughout the day of individual sharks from a high gantry vantage point using Stopwatch+ software to time stamp all recorded behavior and 2) observations of swim speed, depth, and swimming direction for all sharks passing by a section of wall over longer periods of time (15 min-hours). Z-tests were used for inter-observer reliability. Results. For most traits, whale sharks demonstrated unique behavioral profiles that were consistent over many years, but, over the course of years, some of these behavioral traits changed for individual sharks. There were also daily changes in behavior that were consistent across days. For instance, whale sharks showed a clear anticipation of feeding time marked by increases in swimming speed prior to obvious cues of the feed (i.e. 1 hour prior). During observations recorded during the day, whale sharks spent the majority of their time swimming at or near the surface. Most spent relatively equal times swimming clockwise as they did counterclockwise. Swim speeds observed in the habitat were similar to the range of those estimated from work in the field. Conclusion. Each shark in the habitat demonstrated a behavioral profile unique to that individual, and we have observed short-term and long-term consistent patterns as well as changes in some behavior. These observations increase our knowledge of whale shark behavior, assisting in the husbandry of these animals and giving a better understanding of individual differences, temporal changes, and interactions between sharks.

scholarly journals Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) behavior: A multi-year analysis of individuals at Georgia Aquarium

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Black ◽  
Matthew Grober ◽  
Christian Schreiber ◽  
Chris Coco ◽  
Alistair Dove
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Time ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioral Profile ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
Daily Changes

Background. From the coastal seas near Taiwan to the 6.3 million gallon Ocean Voyager habitat at Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia, whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, were brought in stages: two females arrived in June 2006 and two males in June 2007. The behavioral observations described in this study began in 2008 as the first reported observations in captivity to assist in husbandry and better understand whale shark behavior variation between individuals and across time. Methods. Two types of observations were made of the four sharks currently in the Georgia Aquarium Ocean Voyager habitat: 1) 15-minute focal observations throughout the day of individual sharks from a high gantry vantage point using Stopwatch+ software to time stamp all recorded behavior and 2) observations of swim speed, depth, and swimming direction for all sharks passing by a section of wall over longer periods of time (15 min-hours). Z-tests were used for inter-observer reliability. Results. For most traits, whale sharks demonstrated unique behavioral profiles that were consistent over many years, but, over the course of years, some of these behavioral traits changed for individual sharks. There were also daily changes in behavior that were consistent across days. For instance, whale sharks showed a clear anticipation of feeding time marked by increases in swimming speed prior to obvious cues of the feed (i.e. 1 hour prior). During observations recorded during the day, whale sharks spent the majority of their time swimming at or near the surface. Most spent relatively equal times swimming clockwise as they did counterclockwise. Swim speeds observed in the habitat were similar to the range of those estimated from work in the field. Conclusion. Each shark in the habitat demonstrated a behavioral profile unique to that individual, and we have observed short-term and long-term consistent patterns as well as changes in some behavior. These observations increase our knowledge of whale shark behavior, assisting in the husbandry of these animals and giving a better understanding of individual differences, temporal changes, and interactions between sharks.

scholarly journals Detecting a decline in whale shark Rhincodon typus sightings in the Andaman Sea, Thailand, using ecotourist operator-collected data

Oryx ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Theberge ◽  
Philip Dearden
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Andaman Sea ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
Global Conservation ◽  
Whale Sharks

In this paper, we analyse long-term whale shark Rhincodon typus sightings collected by ecotourist operators and evaluate the validity of conclusions drawn from the data for scientific and conservation purposes. To date information about the basic ecology and movements of whale sharks is sparse, and only recently has the species received global conservation attention. A dive company in Phuket, Thailand, documented whale shark sightings in the Andaman Sea for 10 years along 300 km of coastline. Whale shark sightings, corrected for effort, dropped by 96% between 1998 and 2001. Combining the seasons from 1992 to 1998, the number of whale shark sightings increased significantly from October to May. The sizes of sharks observed suggest that the majority were juveniles. We discuss the limitations of using ecotourist operators as non-specialist volunteers for data collection but conclude that their use can be beneficial for long-term, broad geographic studies such as this.

scholarly journals Evidence that St. Helena island is an important multi-use habitat for whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, with the first description of putative mating in this species

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Clingham ◽  
Judith Brown ◽  
Leeann Henry ◽  
Annalea Beard ◽  
Alistair D Dove
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Contact Behaviour ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
St Helena

Preliminary observations of whale shark behavioural ecology are presented from St. Helena, a remote volcanic island in the South Atlantic. Whale shark sightings by fishers, government biologists and the general public have been recorded by the St. Helena Government since February 1999 and are presented here through to the end of 2014. A total of 328 sightings was collected on an ad hoc basis, a total of 931 animals, although the number of re-sightings within that total is not known. Increases in observations are likely coincident with increases in surveillance and public awareness of the presence of this species in the waters surrounding St Helena. On two occasions, small aggregations of whale sharks were observed at the bay at Jamestown; the animals were engaged in surface feeding behaviour similar to that seen in coastal aggregations in Mexico and Qatar. In contrast to other aggregations, however, animals observed at St Helena were numerically dominated by adult females, although mature males and some juveniles have also been observed. On two occasions, eyewitness accounts of mating behaviour were reported by two different reliable observers. These events took place in 2005 and 2007, both approximately 16 kilometers from shore, at different sites. They both involved belly-to-belly contact behaviour at the surface, in one case involving at least two males. This is the first report of putative mating behaviour in the whale shark. With the presence of both adult and juvenile animals, surface feeding aggregations, apparently pregnant females and the first observations of putative mating, the waters around St Helena are clearly an important multi-use habitat for whale sharks and are worthy of concerted conservation efforts.

scholarly journals Does bathymetry drive coastal whale shark (Rhincodon typus)aggregations?

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua P. Copping ◽  
Bryce D. Stewart ◽  
Colin J. McClean ◽  
James Hancock ◽  
Richard Rees
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Generalised Linear Models ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
Bathymetric Data ◽  
Mesopelagic Zone ◽  
Whale Sharks

BackgroundThe whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is known to aggregate in a number of coastal locations globally, however what causes these aggregations to form where they do is largely unknown. This study examines whether bathymetry is an important driver of coastal aggregation locations forR. typusthrough bathymetry’s effect on primary productivity and prey availability. This is a global study taking into account all coastal areas withinR. typus’range.MethodsR. typusaggregation locations were identified through an extensive literature review. Global bathymetric data were compared atR. typusaggregation locations and a large random selection of non-aggregation areas. Generalised linear models were used to assess which bathymetric characteristic had the biggest influence on aggregation presence.ResultsAggregation sites were significantly shallower than non-aggregation sites and in closer proximity to deep water (the mesopelagic zone) by two orders of magnitude. Slope at aggregation sites was significantly steeper than non-aggregation sites. These three bathymetric variables were shown to have the biggest association with aggregation sites, with up to 88% of deviation explained by the GLMs.DiscussionThe three key bathymetric characteristics similar at the aggregation sites are known to induce upwelling events, increase primary productivity and consequently attract numerous other filter feeding species. The location of aggregation sites in these key areas can be attributed to this increased prey availability, thought to be the main reasonR. typusaggregations occur, extensively outlined in the literature. The proximity of aggregations to shallow areas such as reefs could also be an important factor why whale sharks thermoregulate after deep dives to feed. These findings increase our understanding of whale shark behaviour and may help guide the identification and conservation of further aggregation sites.

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