Chakras and Endocrine Glands

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Andrea Jain
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Subtle Body ◽  
Modern Yoga ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This paper is an exploration of preksha dhyana as a case study of modern yoga. Preksha is a system of yoga and meditation introduced by Acarya Mahaprajna of the Jain Svetambara Terapanth in the late twentieth century. I argue that preksha is an attempt to join the newly emerging transnational yoga market whereby yoga has become a practice oriented around the attainment of physical health and psychological well-being. I will evaluate the ways in which Mahaprajna appropriates scientific discourse and in so doing constructs a new and unique system of Jain modern yoga. In particular, I evaluate the appropriation of physical and meditative techniques from ancient yoga systems in addition to the explanation of yoga metaphysics by means of biomedical discourse. I will demonstrate how, in Mahaprajna’s preksha system, the metaphysical subtle body becomes somaticized. In other words, Mahaprajna uses the bio-medical understanding of physiology to locate and identify the functions of metaphysical subtle body parts and processes in the physiological body.

Law and Economics Against Feminism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha T. McCluskey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Economic Ideology ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Goal

This article analyzes feminism in legal theory in relation to the rise of “law and economics” during the late twentieth century as a methodology that generated academic credibility for anti-egalitarian ideology and policy. Law and economics fundamentally undermines feminism in law by constructing the economy as a sphere best governed by efficiency insulated from contested morality and politics. This division naturalizes a gendered baseline that generally makes feminist reforms appear costly and unfair. Finally, the article explores how this core division of law and economics constructs an idea of liberty that makes feminist efforts to remedy gender-based harms appear illegitimate and oppressive. Law and economics cuts against legal feminism not because gender justice is a non-economic goal, but because law and economics promotes a misleading economic ideology steeped in gender and tilted toward those most willing and able to disregard and discount others’ well-being.

Petitions to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from Local Governments, 1867–1877: A Case Study in Legislative Participation

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-180
Author(s):  
Mary M. P. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Democratic Revolution ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Marginal Mode ◽  
Western Democracies ◽  
Constitutional Changes

In late twentieth-century English-speaking western democracies, the petition is almost exclusively a sporadic, exceptional, and marginal mode of political expression, its legitimacy as an instrument and indicator of public opinion superceded by elected professionals and ubiquitous polls; a tenuous survival from its origin as the universal form of civic supplication. Part and parcel of the democratic revolution that reached its apogee in the nineteenth century, this transition may not have been neatly contemporaneous with the constitutional changes to which it seems collateral. In a recent article in this review, David C. Frederick posited that petitioning effectively disappeared in the United States after the imposition of a “gag-rule” by Congress, imposed in the 1830s as a response to anti-slavery agitation by petition.

Governing Global Aeromobility

Transfers ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-40
Author(s):  
Bret Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Global South ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Regulatory Response ◽  
National Space ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Refugee Claimants ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This article surveys Canada’s regulatory response to global aeromobility in the late twentieth century. It examines the Canadian state’s strategies to restrict the movement of refugee claimants landing at airports during the 1980s and the national discourse around this process. Mass air travel enabled more refugees, particularly from the Global South, to travel to Canada and, in the process, challenged how the country governed aerial and cosmopolitan populations. In response, Canadian authorities erected an enforcement regime at the country’s international airports, which transformed them into contested entry points to national space and normative citizenship where links between mobility, borders, and nation were simultaneously reinforced and contested. This article thus provides an integral case study of national ambivalence toward global aeromobility in the late twentieth century.

The Truth Society

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelle Molé Liston
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Political Spectacle ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Silvio Berlusconi

This book seeks to understand how a period of Italian political spectacle, which regularly blurred fact and fiction, has shaped how people understand truth, mass-mediated information, scientific knowledge, and forms of governance. The book scrutinizes Italy's late-twentieth-century political culture, particularly the impact of the former prime minister and media mogul Silvio Berlusconi. By doing so, the book examines how this truth-bending political era made science, logic, and rationality into ideas that needed saving. With the prevalence of fake news and our seeming lack of shared reality in the “post-truth” world, many people struggle to figure out where this new normal came from. The book argues that seemingly disparate events and practices that have unfolded in Italy are historical reactions to mediatized political forms and particular, cultivated ways of knowing. Politics, then, is always sutured to how knowledge is structured, circulated, and processed. This book offers Italy as a case study for understanding the remaking of politics in an era of disinformation.

Collaboration

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-191
Author(s):  
Natalie Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Sylvia Plath ◽  
Seamus Heaney ◽  
Ted Hughes ◽  
American Artist ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Century Poetry ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter examines a particular instance of canonical late-twentieth-century poetry that shows close collaboration with the visual arts. It takes as a case study the work of Ted Hughes, who is often considered central to the development of the English poetic canon, in his collaboration with the American artist and publisher Leonard Baskin in producing the 1973 book, Cave Birds. The trade volume initially contained over ten of Baskin’s pen-and-ink images (which had inspired Hughes to pen his poems). Why, then, are Baskin’s artworks no longer published alongside Hughes’s poems? This chapter puts drawing and text back into dialogue, offering a sustained intra-artistic reading of an image-poem pair as it resonates with the vision of Michelangelo, Michael Ayrton, Giacometti, Sylvia Plath, and Seamus Heaney. Artwork and literary text interact before our viewing-reading eyes, performing an eloquent expression of the complexity of aesthetic co-constitution, across media and history.

The Dual-Ideal of the Ascetic and Healthy Body

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-50
Author(s):  
Andrea R. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late Capitalism ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Modern Yoga ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This article addresses institutional innovations in the Jain Śvetāmbara Terāpanth as it has adapted to a new socio-historical and cultural context. It investigates the intersections between the Terāpanth and the context of late-capitalism, particularly in India, the United States, and the United Kingdom, and discusses shifts in orientations toward the body as acts of adaptation to late capitalism. Historically, the Terāpanth held an ascetic ideal that required social withdrawal and bodily purification for the sake of spiritual release from the world. Beginning in the late twentieth century, however, the Terāpanth prescribed a form of modern yoga for enhancing the body and life in the world. I argue that this shift signifies a practical change in the everyday body maintenance regime of the practitioner. It does not, however, signify a soteriological shift for the advanced spiritual adept. Rather, a body-negating asceticism maintains its central role in the construction of the soteriological path.

scholarly journals Phenotype, Genotype and Environment in Architecture Case Study: Traditional Malay House, West Borneo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indah Kartika Sari ◽  
Wiendu Nuryanti ◽  
Ikaputra Ikaputra
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Relational Models ◽  
Unique Site ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Repetition Pattern ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Phenotype variation is produced through a complex of interactions between genotype and environment. Phenotype, genotype, and environment are addresses the relationship between architecture and identity. The term genotype biology and phenotype have been adopted into architecture in the late twentieth century. Genotypes are abstract relational models that govern the arrangement of space, and the principle of organizing space and phenotypes is the real realization of genotypes in the physical environment. The genotype is a reflection that is not only about the spatial organization but also the nature of social and cultural patterns. Then this study purpose to an understanding of the connectedness variant phenotype from a genotype and environment. The repetition pattern being stable structure in variation phenotype uses as a database to finding an identity in architecture. The method used in this research was Levi Strauss's structuralism and multi-layer of a biological system. This research samples traditional Malay houses in West Borneo, Indonesia. These houses have a unique site and existing environment. The houses can be found mainly along the river. The results found from the phenotype, genotype, and environment have value and meaning as a traditional Malay house rule in West Borneo which was always handed down from generation to generation.

Relaxation and Meditation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Nathoo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Modern Yoga ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Neuromuscular Relaxation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter elucidates the shared socio-cultural history of modern, therapeutic relaxation and meditation strategies. It demonstrates how the promulgation of relaxation therapies from the early twentieth century strongly influenced the later advancement of secularized, therapeutic meditation practices. It traces the development of scientifically grounded neuromuscular relaxation techniques, visualization methods and Autogenic Training in the first half of the twentieth century, through to the proliferation of modern yoga and Transcendental Meditation practices from the 1960s and mindfulness-based approaches from the late twentieth century. It shows how and why relaxation and meditation have been variously demarcated and amalgamated, in their common outreach to health-seeking Western populations. The chapter contributes a new historical vantage point for better understanding both the appeal and limitations of adapting and appropriating meditative techniques for therapeutic ends.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Mary Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Justice Movements ◽  
Sexuality And Gender ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Justice Movements ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The book concludes with a discussion of the importance of broad-based coalitional organizing that moves beyond over-simplified identity politics. As society evolves away from binary understandings of sexuality and gender, identities that essentialize those binaries will become less and less useful. Further, by acknowledging that as LGBTQ becomes more normal the boundaries between normal and queer get redrawn, adults who are concerned about the well-being of young people would be wise to pay close attention to how bodies are queered beyond simply sexuality and gender. The conclusion points to the Black Lives Matter and transgender movements as examples of twenty-first-century social justice movements that are responding to the ways the identity-based movements of the late twentieth century often failed to protect their most marginalized members.

Institutions Protecting Democracy: A Preliminary Inquiry

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-202
Author(s):  
Mark Tushnet
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
Additional Function ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Abstract In the late twentieth century constitution-designers came to understand that, in addition to the three classic Montesquiean functions of law-making, law-applying, and law-interpreting, constitutional institutions had to perform an additional function, that of protecting the constitution itself. That function is performed by constitutional courts, but also by agencies concerned with elections and with corruption. A case study of an important anti-corruption inquiry in South Africa illustrates the proposition that institutions protecting the constitution must combine independence from other political actors with some degree of accountability to them. Following the case study, the Article examines some general characteristics of these institutions, sketching some of the questions about independence and accountability that constitution-designers must consider. Among those questions are the possibility of too much independence, with the institutions having a greater impact on political outcomes than is appropriate, too much responsiveness to non-political but professional concerns such as legality and the details of accounting conventions, and of course too much accountability to the very political institutions that these agencies are designed to regulate. Throughout the Article emphasizes the role of conflicts of interest both in setting the agenda for these agencies and in posing the risk that the agencies will undermine rather than protect the constitution.

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