Inference-embedded yes/no interrogatives in Mandarin Chinese conversation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Guo ◽  
Yaxin Wu

In talk-in-interaction, the details of the design of a yes/no interrogative (YNI) index the speaker’s epistemic stance about the issue in question. Adopting conversation analysis as the research method, the present study examines the interactional deployment of inference-embedded YNIs in Mandarin Chinese. The analysis of the turn designs and sequential environments of these interrogatives, as well as the design of the responses to them, indicates that a sequence organisation is engendered in and through the production of inference-embedded YNIs. Since the recipient has epistemic primacy over what is questioned, the questioner’s inference embedded in YNIs may be congruent or incongruent with the recipient’s own state of affairs. In this respect, the questioner’ s inference may be right or wrong. If the recipient finds that the inference is wrong, he or she has the responsibility to execute correction of the questioner’s wrong inference. Indeed, the recipient does display his/her treatment of the inference as wrong through correction. It is through such reflexive connection between the production (action formation) and the interpretation (action ascription) of the YNI that the inference-embedded YNI is treated as a practice for projecting a correction of what is inferred to the question recipient.

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-186
Author(s):  
Lihong Quan ◽  
Jinlong Ma

Abstract Using the methodology of Conversation Analysis (or CA), this study examines three types of other-initiated repair initiators (henceforth OIs) that repeats some element in the trouble-source (henceforth repeats) in Chinese conversation: repeats suffixed with question particles ma (吗), repeats suffixed with question particles a (啊), and question-intonated repeats. It attempts to explore the differences between these typical formats, in terms of their forms/functions and the epistemic stance of the speaker who initiates repair. The main research findings indicate that question-intonated repeat implements an understanding check while repeat suffixed with question particles (ma or a) tends to serve different functions, in that, ma-suffixed repeat is inquiry-implicated while a-suffixed repeat contributes to constructing surprise, (dis)agreement or (dis)belief.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Fang Wang ◽  
Mei-Chi Tsai ◽  
Wayne Schams ◽  
Chi-Ming Yang

Mandarin Chinese zhishi (similar to English ‘only’), comprised of the adverb zhi and the copula shi, can act as an adverb (ADV) or a discourse marker (DM). This study analyzes the role of zhishi in spoken discourse, based on the methodological and theoretical principles of interactional linguistics and conversation analysis. The corpus used in this study consists of three sets of data: 1) naturally-occurring daily conversations; 2) radio/TV interviews; and 3) TV panel discussions on current political affairs. As a whole, this study reveals that the notions of restrictiveness, exclusivity, and adversativity are closely associated with ADV zhishi and DM zhishi. In addition, the present data show that since zhishi is often used to express a ‘less than expected’ feeling, it can be used to indicate mirativity (i.e. language indicating that an utterance conveys the speaker’s surprise). The data also show that the distribution of zhishi as an adverb or discourse marker depends on turn taking systems and speech situations in spoken discourse. Specifically, the ADV zhishi tends to occur in radio/TV interviews and TV panel news discussions, while the DM zhishi occurs more often in casual conversations.


2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsui-Ping Cheng

AbstractThis study examines the different interactional achievements of repair and correction in a Mandarin language classroom from a conversation analysis perspective. The sequential analysis of teacher-initiated repair and correction shows that while repair indicates participants' relative epistemic stance and makes visible the contingent process of securing intersubjectivity, correction serves to monitor students' language production and accomplish teaching. By means of various repair practices, teacher and students are able to maintain and restore a shared understanding of the instructional activity that they are doing together. This intersubjectivity is the foundation upon which a space for teaching and learning is created, maintained, and defended. In correction sequences, the practices of repetition and overlap underscore teacher and students' alignment with a pedagogical focus of linguistic accuracy and make relevant their situated institutional identities. Regardless of the distinctive achievements in interaction, repair and correction are both practical resources that enable and sustain classroom instruction.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heeju Lee ◽  
Danjie Su ◽  
Hongyin Tao

Abstract Interrogative pronouns such as what in English, shenme in Mandarin Chinese, and mwe/mwusun in Korean all have developed extended uses beyond interrogation. Such uses may include filling a gap in conversation, softening a speaker’s epistemic stance, and indicating strong emotions such as surprises or incredulity. Yet there is little research dealing with crosslinguistic patterns with large corpora of interactive discourse data. In this paper, we investigate the extended uses based on corpora of multiple telephone calls from the three languages. We show that eight categories of extended use can be identified in the corpora and that most of the extended uses tend to fall in the negative territory. We provide a pragmatic interactive account for this phenomenon and hope that the taxonomy and coding scheme developed here can serve as a starting point for future crosslinguistic and corpus-based comparative studies of what-like tokens as well as of the discourse pragmatic uses of other interrogative forms.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi A. van Compernolle

Drawing on conversation analysis and its extension to classroom discourse studies, this article examines the ways in which topic is managed and opportunities for learning are created in an advanced US university-level Francophone Cultures class. In the analysis, topic is treated as an ongoing interactional achievement rather than a stable “subject” of conversation. A single-case analysis is presented to show how topic is accomplished between the teacher and her students in relation to preference organization and epistemic stance. Specifically, the analysis demonstrates how a prototypical three-turn Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) sequence is elaborated over multiple turns that expand the teacher’s explicitly announced topic to include a side sequence addressing a metalinguistic problem and a disagreement between two students that results in an expansion of the topic beyond the teacher’s agenda. In the discussion, the results are synthesized in relation to how opportunities for learning emerge in the comanagement of topics. Implications for research and pedagogy are also offered.


2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruey-Jiuan Regina Wu

This article aims to introduce Conversation Analytic (CA) methods to the community of Chinese scholars, and especially to linguists who work with Mandarin Chinese and are just beginning to adopt CA methods in their work. I believe doing CA requires not only an understanding of its terminology but also a working knowledge of CA methods. To this end, rather than simply explaining CA methods abstractly, I offer the reader a glimpse of the research process in action by presenting data and findings of my own research and then taking the reader step-by-step through the analytic process — from initial observations of a candidate phenomenon, through the process of making a collection of cases, and finally explaining criteria for establishing an empirically-grounded finding. Special focus is placed on the importance of detecting “participants’ orientations to action” and the more difficult process of finding evidence for the phenomenon from nonconforming specimens.


Author(s):  
Aurelius R.L. Teluma

The main components of social media text are the language and network structure of users. Virtually, social media texts appear in the form of posts and comments. Therefore, social media texts have the characteristics of online conversation. So, online conversation analysis (OCA) is one of the important research methodologies for reviewing social media texts. This paper aims to provide a rationale, steps, and examples of online conversation analysis practices. The most important aspect of the conversation is conversational coherence, namely the connection and meaningfulness in conversation. However, asynchronous factors, information abundance and identity problems in social media texts make such analysis require a number of additional steps. The steps for analyzing online conversations include these aspects: turn taking structures, construction of exchanges, parts-alliances-talks, trouble and repair, preferences and accountability, institutional category and identity. Keywords: online conversation analysis; social media text; research method


Virittäjä ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Etelämäki ◽  
Markku Haakana ◽  
Mia Halonen

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan suomalaisen arkikeskustelun kehuja kolmen peruskysymyksen kautta: 1) millaisia kehut ovat rakenteeltaan, 2) miten kehut otetaan vastaan ja 3) millaisissa tilanteissa kehuja esitetään ja mitä niillä tehdään? Tutkimus on metodiltaan keskustelunanalyyttinen: kehuja analysoidaan osana aitojen keskustelujen toiminnallista kudosta. Kehu määritellään tutkimuksessa vastaanottajaan tavalla tai toisella kohdistuvaksi myönteiseksi arvioksi. Kehu voi arvioida vastaanottajaa monella tavalla: kehuttavana voi olla esimerkiksi puhekumppanin luonne, hänen toimintansa tietyssä tilanteessa tai vaatetus, hiukset tai asunto. Aineistona on sekä nauhoitetuista arkikeskusteluista poimittuja kehusekvenssejä (51) että opiskelijoiden tekemiä kenttämuistiinpanoja (65 sekvenssiä).Kehuja esitetään toistuvasti samanlaisin rakentein, joista yleisimpiä ovat kopula- ja omistuslause. Vaikka kehujen kielellinen rakenne on osittain hyvinkin konventionaalinen, aineisto myös osoittaa, että kehun kielellinen rakenne on monin tavoin sidoksissa keskustelun paikalliseen kontekstiin: esimerkiksi siihen, minkälaisessa toimintaympäristössä kehuva lausuma esiintyy ja mitä kehulla tehdään. Kaiken kaikkiaan puheaktipersoonia näkyy vältettävän suomalaisissa peruskehuissa. Vaikuttaa siltä, että ensimmäisen persoonan käyttö liittyisi tilanteisiin, joissa tavalla tai toisella käsitellään keskustelijoiden välisiä suhteita; toista persoonaa taas näkyy käytettävän erityisesti huoltenkerrontakonteksteissa.Kehujen vastaanotoissa on aineiston perusteella olennaista hyväksymisen yleisyys ja hyväksymisen vahvuus. Pääosa kehuista hyväksytään, ja vastaanottaja osoittaa usein myös jo itse ajatelleensa asiaa ja päätyneensä samanlaiseen myönteiseen arvioon kuin kehuja. Tämä piirre viittaa siihen, että suomalaisissa vastaanotoissa pyritään samanmielisyyteen. Pyrkimys itsekehun välttämiseen tulee toisena ja näkyy selityksenä; muuten kehun voimakas hyväksyntä voisi synnyttää tulkinnan itsekehusta, jota usein pidetään ongelmallisena.Kehut syntyvät usein spontaanisti ja varmastikin ilman taka-ajatuksia: kehutaan keskustelukumppanin vaatetta, koska se on hieno, tai tämän valmistamaa ruokaa, koska se on hyvää. Toisaalta joissakin tilanteissa kehuminen kuuluu asiaan. Aineiston analyysi tuo esiin joitakin tällaisia konventionaalisia tilanteita, esimerkiksi uuden vaatteen tai kampauksen huomaamisen, uuden asunnon näkemisen ja tarjotun ruoan maistamisen. Toisaalta kehuilla näyttää olevan myös säännönmukaisia käyttöjä muiden puhetoimintojen ohessa. Esimerkiksi kehulla voidaan valmistella pyyntöä. Kehuja voidaan myös kalastella: keskustelukumppania voidaan kehua kontekstissa, jossa vastakehu on sosiaalisesti odotuksenmukaista, ja toisaalta esimerkiksi uusia tavaroita voidaan myös esitellä tai itseä moittia kehun saamisen toivossa.---Compliments in everyday Finnish conversation The article analyses compliments in everyday Finnish conversation and aims to answer three basic questions: 1) how are compliments constructed on a lexico-syntactic level, 2) how are they responded to, and 3) in what contexts are they used and what functions do they fulfil in these contexts. The study employs the methods of Conversation Analysis, and thus, compliments are analysed as they occur in real contexts, in connection with other conversational actions.In this study, compliments are defined as positive assessments of the recipient; the compliments can be about several issues – the co-participant’s personality, looks, actions in certain situations, or about things in his/her possession (e.g. clothing, apartment). The data comprises both audio-/videotaped naturally occurring conversations (51 compliment sequences) and field notes made by students (65 compliment sequences).Compliments in the data are recurrently presented in simple syntactic structures, copula clauses (e.g. tää on hyvää ‘this is good’) and verbless descriptions (hyvää piirakkaa ‘good pie’) being the most frequent among them. Thus, the structure of a compliment is often quite conventionalised and formulaic. However, the structure is affected by the conversational context in a variety of ways. Typical of the compliments in Finnish conversation is that they very seldom include explicit reference to the speaker or the recipient. When 1st-person reference is used, the compliment occurs in a sequence where the interpersonal relationship of the participants is being negotiated, while 2nd-­person references typically occur in ‘troubles-telling’ sequences.Compliments in the data are, for the most part, responded to in an accepting manner, and furthermore, acceptance is often presented in a rather straightforward manner. In addition, the respondent often displays an epistemic stance that shows that s/he has already come to the same positive evaluation on her/his own. This indicates that, in Finnish conversations, speakers demonstrate a preference for agreement rather than disagreement. The avoidance of self-praise is also present in the compliment responses, but it comes second in relation to the expression of agreement. The tendency towards an avoidance of self-praise is manifested in different kinds of accounts featured in the compliment responses.Compliments in the data occur in a wide variety of contexts, and often seem quite spontaneous. In addition, there are various contexts in which the occurrence of compliments is conventionalised: they are produced when eating food prepared by the hosts of a dinner, when noticing a new piece of clothing on the co-conversationalist, when first visiting a friend’s new flat, etc. The data also reveals that compliments can be systematically used in favour of other conversational actions, such as requests. Compliments can be used as a device to make requesting a smoother action. Furthermore, on some occasions, compliments are produced as a response to some prior action (e.g. self-deprecating assessments, topicalisation of a possibly compliment-worthy issue or assessment-seeking questions). In some of these contexts, the first speaker can be seen as ‘fishing’ for a compliment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia H. Marrese ◽  
Chase Wesley Raymond ◽  
Barbara A. Fox ◽  
Cecilia E. Ford ◽  
Megan Pielke

This paper investigates the body’s role in grammar in argument sequences. Drawing from a database of public disputes on language use, we document the work of the palm-up gesture in action formation. Using conversation analysis and interactional linguistics, we show how this gesture is an interactional resource that indexes a particular epistemic stance—namely to cast the proposition being advanced as obvious. In this report, we focus on instances in which participants reach what we refer to as an ‘impasse’, at which point the palm up gesture becomes a resource for reasserting and pursuing a prior position, now laminated with an embodied claim of ‘obviousness’ that is grounded in the sequentiality of the interaction. As we show, the palm up gesture appears with and in response to a variety of syntactic and grammatical structures, and moreover can also function with no accompanying verbal utterance at all. This empirical observation challenges the assumption that a focus on grammar-in-interaction should begin with, or otherwise be examined in relation to, ‘standard’ verbal-only grammatical categories (e.g., imperative, declarative). We conclude by considering the gestural practice we focus on alongside verbal grammatical resources (specifically, particles) from typologically distinct languages, which we offer as a contribution to ongoing discussions regarding an embodied conceptualization of grammar—in this case, epistemicity.


2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Farini

Data-based studies on interlinguistic medical interaction show that frequently migrant patients encounter difficulties in expressing their emotions and concerns. Such difficulties are not always overcome through the intervention of an interpreter, as emotional expressions tend to “get missed” in translations which focus on problems and treatments in medical terms. The main question addressed here is: what types of interpreters’ actions cut out, or make relevant, migrant patients’ emotions? Our data is based on a corpus of 300 interlinguistic medical interactions in Arabic, Mandarin Chinese and Italian in two public hospitals in Italy. The conversations involve one Italian healthcare provider, an interpreter and a migrant patient. The corpus is analyzed drawing upon Conversation Analysis, studies on Dialogue Interpreting and Intercultural Pragmatics.


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