scholarly journals Keskustelukumppanin kehuminen suomalaisessa keskustelussa

Virittäjä ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Etelämäki ◽  
Markku Haakana ◽  
Mia Halonen

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan suomalaisen arkikeskustelun kehuja kolmen peruskysymyksen kautta: 1) millaisia kehut ovat rakenteeltaan, 2) miten kehut otetaan vastaan ja 3) millaisissa tilanteissa kehuja esitetään ja mitä niillä tehdään? Tutkimus on metodiltaan keskustelunanalyyttinen: kehuja analysoidaan osana aitojen keskustelujen toiminnallista kudosta. Kehu määritellään tutkimuksessa vastaanottajaan tavalla tai toisella kohdistuvaksi myönteiseksi arvioksi. Kehu voi arvioida vastaanottajaa monella tavalla: kehuttavana voi olla esimerkiksi puhekumppanin luonne, hänen toimintansa tietyssä tilanteessa tai vaatetus, hiukset tai asunto. Aineistona on sekä nauhoitetuista arkikeskusteluista poimittuja kehusekvenssejä (51) että opiskelijoiden tekemiä kenttämuistiinpanoja (65 sekvenssiä).Kehuja esitetään toistuvasti samanlaisin rakentein, joista yleisimpiä ovat kopula- ja omistuslause. Vaikka kehujen kielellinen rakenne on osittain hyvinkin konventionaalinen, aineisto myös osoittaa, että kehun kielellinen rakenne on monin tavoin sidoksissa keskustelun paikalliseen kontekstiin: esimerkiksi siihen, minkälaisessa toimintaympäristössä kehuva lausuma esiintyy ja mitä kehulla tehdään. Kaiken kaikkiaan puheaktipersoonia näkyy vältettävän suomalaisissa peruskehuissa. Vaikuttaa siltä, että ensimmäisen persoonan käyttö liittyisi tilanteisiin, joissa tavalla tai toisella käsitellään keskustelijoiden välisiä suhteita; toista persoonaa taas näkyy käytettävän erityisesti huoltenkerrontakonteksteissa.Kehujen vastaanotoissa on aineiston perusteella olennaista hyväksymisen yleisyys ja hyväksymisen vahvuus. Pääosa kehuista hyväksytään, ja vastaanottaja osoittaa usein myös jo itse ajatelleensa asiaa ja päätyneensä samanlaiseen myönteiseen arvioon kuin kehuja. Tämä piirre viittaa siihen, että suomalaisissa vastaanotoissa pyritään samanmielisyyteen. Pyrkimys itsekehun välttämiseen tulee toisena ja näkyy selityksenä; muuten kehun voimakas hyväksyntä voisi synnyttää tulkinnan itsekehusta, jota usein pidetään ongelmallisena.Kehut syntyvät usein spontaanisti ja varmastikin ilman taka-ajatuksia: kehutaan keskustelukumppanin vaatetta, koska se on hieno, tai tämän valmistamaa ruokaa, koska se on hyvää. Toisaalta joissakin tilanteissa kehuminen kuuluu asiaan. Aineiston analyysi tuo esiin joitakin tällaisia konventionaalisia tilanteita, esimerkiksi uuden vaatteen tai kampauksen huomaamisen, uuden asunnon näkemisen ja tarjotun ruoan maistamisen. Toisaalta kehuilla näyttää olevan myös säännönmukaisia käyttöjä muiden puhetoimintojen ohessa. Esimerkiksi kehulla voidaan valmistella pyyntöä. Kehuja voidaan myös kalastella: keskustelukumppania voidaan kehua kontekstissa, jossa vastakehu on sosiaalisesti odotuksenmukaista, ja toisaalta esimerkiksi uusia tavaroita voidaan myös esitellä tai itseä moittia kehun saamisen toivossa.---Compliments in everyday Finnish conversation The article analyses compliments in everyday Finnish conversation and aims to answer three basic questions: 1) how are compliments constructed on a lexico-syntactic level, 2) how are they responded to, and 3) in what contexts are they used and what functions do they fulfil in these contexts. The study employs the methods of Conversation Analysis, and thus, compliments are analysed as they occur in real contexts, in connection with other conversational actions.In this study, compliments are defined as positive assessments of the recipient; the compliments can be about several issues – the co-participant’s personality, looks, actions in certain situations, or about things in his/her possession (e.g. clothing, apartment). The data comprises both audio-/videotaped naturally occurring conversations (51 compliment sequences) and field notes made by students (65 compliment sequences).Compliments in the data are recurrently presented in simple syntactic structures, copula clauses (e.g. tää on hyvää ‘this is good’) and verbless descriptions (hyvää piirakkaa ‘good pie’) being the most frequent among them. Thus, the structure of a compliment is often quite conventionalised and formulaic. However, the structure is affected by the conversational context in a variety of ways. Typical of the compliments in Finnish conversation is that they very seldom include explicit reference to the speaker or the recipient. When 1st-person reference is used, the compliment occurs in a sequence where the interpersonal relationship of the participants is being negotiated, while 2nd-­person references typically occur in ‘troubles-telling’ sequences.Compliments in the data are, for the most part, responded to in an accepting manner, and furthermore, acceptance is often presented in a rather straightforward manner. In addition, the respondent often displays an epistemic stance that shows that s/he has already come to the same positive evaluation on her/his own. This indicates that, in Finnish conversations, speakers demonstrate a preference for agreement rather than disagreement. The avoidance of self-praise is also present in the compliment responses, but it comes second in relation to the expression of agreement. The tendency towards an avoidance of self-praise is manifested in different kinds of accounts featured in the compliment responses.Compliments in the data occur in a wide variety of contexts, and often seem quite spontaneous. In addition, there are various contexts in which the occurrence of compliments is conventionalised: they are produced when eating food prepared by the hosts of a dinner, when noticing a new piece of clothing on the co-conversationalist, when first visiting a friend’s new flat, etc. The data also reveals that compliments can be systematically used in favour of other conversational actions, such as requests. Compliments can be used as a device to make requesting a smoother action. Furthermore, on some occasions, compliments are produced as a response to some prior action (e.g. self-deprecating assessments, topicalisation of a possibly compliment-worthy issue or assessment-seeking questions). In some of these contexts, the first speaker can be seen as ‘fishing’ for a compliment.

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Thiyam Kiran Singh ◽  
Aastha Dhingra

Love is more than a close friendship. It acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationship. Love is positive in nature and leaves a positive affect on every individual. An individual in love not only feels positive but spreads positivity around. They smile, be kind to other people, behave compassionately with everyone. If the person is happy then he is likely to be psychologically and emotionally healthy. The current study aimed at understanding the relationship between love, affect and wellbeing among young females aged between 20-25 years. The study reported a significant positive relationship between love and positive affect with the significant correlation of 0.29 at 0.05 levels (p<0.05). It was also found a significant positive relationship between love and wellbeing with the significant correlation of 0.58 at 0.01 level (p<0.01). This means that people in love experience positive emotions and healthy wellbeing. The correlation between love and negative affect came out to be insignificant. The correlation turned out to be -0.13. This means that people in love do not experience negative emotions.


Author(s):  
N. J. Enfield

This chapter undertakes a survey of commands and similar speech acts in Lao, the national language of Laos. The survey draws upon a corpus of naturally occurring speech in narratives and conversations recorded in Laos. An important linguistic resource for expressing commands is a system of sentence-final particles. The particles convey subtle distinctions in meaning of commands, including matters of politeness, urgency, entitlement, and expectation. These distinctions are illustrated with examples. Forms of person reference such as names and pronouns also play a role in the formulation of commands, particularly in so far as they relate to a cultural system in which social hierarchy is strongly valued. Various other linguistic issues related to commands are examined, including negative imperatives, complementation, indirect strategies for expressing commands, and serial verb constructions.


Multilingua ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Mori ◽  
Chiharu Shima

AbstractThe current study examines how Japanese and international care workers at a geriatric healthcare facility in Japan manage one of the most fundamental elements of handover interactions – person reference and recognition to identify a particular care receiver and discuss their specific conditions and needs. By using Conversation analysis (CA) as a central mode of inquiry, this study examines how the participants approach the establishment of referential common ground while simultaneously attending to the progressivity of ongoing activity, and how written records on care receivers are incorporated into the process. The juxtaposition of three international care workers’ performances effectively illustrates how the international care workers’ performative competence is co-constructed with their Japanese colleagues in this interactive process and how the participants exhibit different kinds of orientations towards the activity arranged for the dual purpose of actual handover and for the international care workers’ language learning and socialization. As a contribution to a growing body of CA studies of second language talk at work, this study considers possible tensions between engaging in a language-learning activity regarding specific linguistic elements during a particular professional activity and learning to become a competent actor in the particular activity.


Pragmatics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Petraki ◽  
Sarah Bayes

Research in English language teaching has highlighted the importance of teaching communication skills in the language classroom. Against the backdrop of extensive research in everyday communication, the goal of this research was to explore whether current discourse analytic research is reflected in the lessons and communication examples of five English language teaching textbooks, by using spoken requests as the subject of investigation. The textbooks were evaluated on five criteria deriving from research on politeness, speech act theory and conversation analysis. These included whether and the extent to which the textbooks discussed the cultural appropriateness of requests, discussed the relationship of requests and other contextual factors, explained pre-sequences and re-requests and provided adequate practice activities. This study found that none of the coursebooks covered all of the criteria and that some coursebooks actually had very inadequate lessons. The results of the textbook analysis demonstrate that teachers using these five coursebooks and designers of future coursebooks must improve their lessons on requests by using pragmatics research and authentic examples as a guide.


2022 ◽  
pp. 146144562110374
Author(s):  
Katerina Nanouri ◽  
Eleftheria Tseliou ◽  
Georgios Abakoumkin ◽  
Nikos Bozatzis

In this article we illustrate how trainers and trainees negotiate epistemic and deontic authority within systemic family therapy training. Adult education principles and postmodern imperatives have challenged trainers’ and trainees’ asymmetries regarding knowledge (epistemics) and power (deontics), normatively implicated by the institutional training setting. Up-to-date, we lack insight into how trainers and trainees negotiate epistemic and deontic rights in naturally occurring dialog within training. Drawing from discursive psychology and conversation analysis, we present an analysis of eight transcribed, videotaped training seminars from a systemic family therapy training program, featuring three trainers and eleven trainees. Our analysis highlights the dilemmatic ways in which participants resist and affirm the normatively implicated trainers’ deontic and epistemic authority. Trainers are shown as mitigating directives and trainees as resisting them, with both displaying (not)knowing, while attending to concerns about (a)symmetry. We discuss our findings’ implications for systemic family therapy training.


2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Asadollahi ◽  
Hamid Taher Neshat Doost ◽  
Mohammad Reza Abedi ◽  
Hamid Afshar Zanjani

Background: Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a chronic problem that is more prevalent among women than men. Various studies have revealed that these people experience many problems in their interpersonal relationships, which increase their suffering. Objectives: The present study was done to identify how people suffering from PDD experience interpersonal relationships that often seem troubled and broken. Methods: A phenomenological approach was adopted for this qualitative study. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 individuals with PDD, focusing on exploring their experience and suffering in interpersonal relationships. All interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the transcripts were analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological descriptive method. Results: In general, five main themes and 16 sub-themes emerged. The main themes were: (1) Feeling empty of love and compassion; (2) feeling ignored; (3) ignoring others’ needs, conditions, and suffering; (4) feeling of being annoying to others; and (5) feeling confused and helpless in relationships. Conclusions: It seems that all five themes convey the message that these individuals demonstrate less skill in feeling compassion and receiving it from others. Therefore, it appears that long-term compassion-based interventions can effectively reduce the interpersonal suffering of these individuals. It should be noted that although these themes have commonalities in different cultural contexts, the culture can influence the content and intensity of these feelings.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Fang Wang ◽  
Mei-Chi Tsai ◽  
Wayne Schams ◽  
Chi-Ming Yang

Mandarin Chinese zhishi (similar to English ‘only’), comprised of the adverb zhi and the copula shi, can act as an adverb (ADV) or a discourse marker (DM). This study analyzes the role of zhishi in spoken discourse, based on the methodological and theoretical principles of interactional linguistics and conversation analysis. The corpus used in this study consists of three sets of data: 1) naturally-occurring daily conversations; 2) radio/TV interviews; and 3) TV panel discussions on current political affairs. As a whole, this study reveals that the notions of restrictiveness, exclusivity, and adversativity are closely associated with ADV zhishi and DM zhishi. In addition, the present data show that since zhishi is often used to express a ‘less than expected’ feeling, it can be used to indicate mirativity (i.e. language indicating that an utterance conveys the speaker’s surprise). The data also show that the distribution of zhishi as an adverb or discourse marker depends on turn taking systems and speech situations in spoken discourse. Specifically, the ADV zhishi tends to occur in radio/TV interviews and TV panel news discussions, while the DM zhishi occurs more often in casual conversations.


Author(s):  
Beryl John P. Conejar ◽  
Carl Francis E. Endoma ◽  
Shiere Diadem R. Lagarto ◽  
Jessa Marie L. Layog

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