Uncovering the Islamic Governmental Citadel of Shahdezh in Isfahan, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Karimian ◽  
Abbasali Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Surface Survey ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

The magnificent architectural complex known as Shahdezh Citadel is a defensive compound with an area of over 15 ha, sitting atop Soffeh Mountain, close to the city of Isfahan, Iran. It is a unique historical complex due to its majesty, impregnability, and strategic significance, however, studies on the Citadel are limited to a few historical documents and reports on its visible relics. It is for this reason that the present authors began archaeological investigations at this site in the summer of 2004. The main aim of the research was to determine the distribution and function of the architectural remains, as well as the construction and usage periods of the huge complex. To this end, topographic maps were prepared, followed by systematic surface survey and excavation of parts of the castle that were deemed most important. The findings of this research strongly suggest that the Shahdezh Castle was originally constructed in the Sassanid era (224–651 AD) and was later restored and reused by Saljuq rulers (1037–1194 AD) in the Islamic period. Its existence as a governmental citadel located near the Saljuq capital of Isfahan strengthens the authors’ proposition that Saljuq kings settled the royal family at the Shahdezh Citadel and ruled over the country from there.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Formation and Change of Urban-Spatial Organization in Ahar City of Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-269
Author(s):  
Ahad Ebrahimi ◽  
Bagher Asl
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Northwest Of Iran ◽  
Historical Writings ◽  
The City ◽  
Historical Periods

Ahar is name of a historical city located in northwest of Iran. The existing documents and historical writings along with some inscriptions, architectural and archeological monuments within the city and its suburbs all indicate the historic antiquity of this city. From the pre-Islamic period, little information is available about Ahar. Some sites such as the Jame mosque of Seljuk period and Sheik Shahab Aldin Ahary’s complex indicate that it was a developed city in the Islamic period. The aim of this investigation is the identification of the factors affecting on the urban evolution process in different historical periods. The spatial organization of Ahar has been developed within the Islamic period, but the hypothesis of research is the indications of pre-Islamic period are in the present-day location of it. The question of research is: what were the components affecting the formation and development of the spatial-urban organization of Ahar? This investigation is a basic research which utilizes the descriptive-analytic method based on the analysis of historical documents’ contents. The necessary information has been obtained through library and field studies. The research results show the following: the formation of Ahar dates back to the pre-Islamic period. Based on some historical documents and narratives, the location of the initial core of the city is considered to have been in the vicinity of the historical graveyard of the city; and since the reign of Islam, the city has developed around the core, yet at some periods of time in the course of history, the city has undergone locational changes and has developed toward the northern and western grounds.

scholarly journals PERKOTAAN KOLONIAL PADA ABAD XIX - XX, DI KOTA SERANG, BANTEN; KAJIAN ARKEOLOGI-HISTORIS

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Nuralia
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Surface Survey ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
And Function ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
The City ◽  
Historical Remains

AbstrakTulisan ini bertujuan memberi gambaran tentang perkotaan kolonial di Kota Serang pada zaman Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda (Abad XIX-XX), dilihat dari perspektif arkeologis dan historis. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian arkeologi (survei permukaan) dilengkapi dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara (sejarah lisan), dapat diketahui bahwa pada masa kolonial Belanda telah terjadi perubahan wilayah permukiman di Kota Serang yang cukup pesat dan siginifikan, sehingga penting diungkapkan ke permukaan. Perubahan terjadi terutama dalam pembagian wilayah perkotaan dan fungsi bangunan. Secara umum wilayah permukiman di Kota Serang ketika itu terbagi ke dalam 3 bagian wilayah, yaitu: pemukiman, perkantoran, dan perdagangan. Pembagian ini sebagai hasil kajian melalui bangunan lama periode kolonial dan tinggalan budaya materi lainnya yang masih ada sekarang. Seiring dengan pembagian wilayah tersebut, juga telah terjadi perubahan bentuk dan gaya arsitektur bangunan menjadi bergaya Indis atau pencampuran antara gaya Eropa dan gaya lokal. Hal ini tampak pada bentuk bangunan tinggi, dinding tebal, bentuk atap joglo, memiliki teras atau koridor di sepanjang bangunan atau pada sebagian luar bangunan. Selain perbahan secara fisik, perubahan non fisik juga terjadi ditandai dengan adanya perubahan pola sikap atau perilaku. Masyarakat Kota Serang menjadi lebih terbuka terhadap masuknya unsur budaya asing. Juga lebih toleran terhadap perbedaan kebiasaan antar etnis yang beragam dalam masyarakat heterogen. AbstractThe aim of this research is to describe the colonial urban in Serang, Banten during the Dutch colonial era (19th – 20th century), based on historical remains and material culture as well. By conducting archaeological method (surface survey) and interview (oral history) it is found that there was a rapid and significant change in residence areas then, especially in zoning the urban areas and function of buildings. Generally, Serang was divided into three zones: residential, office, and commercial. Along with that zoning, there were also changes in the architecture of buildings, combining both local and European styles, called Indische style. It is seen in the form of high-rise buildings, thicker walls with joglo style for the roof, terraces or corridors along the building or outside the building. Beside physical changes, there were also non-physical changes in term of behavioural patterns. The inhabitants of the city became more open to foreign culture and more tolerant in building relationship with other heterogeneous ethnic groups.

Cities-Before-Cities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
The West ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

Foundation myths are a crucial component of many Greek cities’ identities. But the mythic tradition also represents many cities and their spaces before they were cities at all. This study examines three of these ‘prefoundational’ narratives: stories of cities-before-cities that prepare, configure, or reconfigure, in a conceptual sense, the mythic ground for foundation. ‘Prefoundational’ myths vary in both form and function. Thebes, before it was Thebes, is represented as a trackless and unfortified backwater. Croton, like many Greek cities in south Italy, credited Heracles with a kind of ‘prefounding’, accomplished on his journey from the West back to central Greece. And the Athenian acropolis was the object of a quarrel between Athena and Poseidon, the results of which gave the city its name and permanently marked its topography. In each case, ‘prefoundational’ myth plays a crucial role in representing ideology, identity, and civic topography.

Poetics of literary dream in Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky’s novel “Sideline”

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-143
Author(s):  
M. A. Lipina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Psychological Function ◽  
Symbolic Function ◽  
Original Idea ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

The paper is dedicated to studying the oneiric text of S. Krzhizhanovsky’s novel “Sideline.” The topicality of the research is due to modern literary criticism interest in examining various aspects of artistic hypnology of Russian writers, as well as studying the works of “returned” authors, including S. Krzhizhanovsky. The realization specifics of the structural model of the literary dream in question can be presented as the following scheme: unconscious falling asleep – dream-journey – awakening by falling down. Different variants of artistic implementation of the main metaphors connected with dreaming are analyzed: “dream-life” in the image of briefcase-cushion and the image of “million-brained” dream of equality and brotherhood; “dream-death” in the image of the leader of a dream world, with the prevalence of thanatological vocabulary in the description of the city of dreams. The ways of imitating the space of real dreaming in the oneiric text of the novel are studied: awakening by falling, sudden muteness of characters, sudden change of location, etc. Also, the specifics of using the plot device of an unannounced dream is considered contributing to the illusion of “reality” of everything that happens to the character in the city of dreams. An attempt is made to consider the oneirotop of the novel in terms of classification by genre and function, plot and composition, images and esthetics and characters, as well as artistic functions of dreams in the literature (plot function, psychological function, idea, and symbolic function). The oneiric text of Krzhizhanosky’s novel “Sideline” is viewed as an artistic realization of the author’s original idea of the subconscious, dreamy origin of a communist utopia.

Ceremonial song in eighteenth-century Dublin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Musical Genre ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

The tradition of composing welcome, birthday, and New Year’s Day odes for the monarch in London is one that dates to as early as 1617. It was not until almost a century later that an equivalent tradition in Dublin is evident. The Dublin ode tradition has often been viewed as an imitation of that established at the London court, and, while it doubtless took the London odes as its model initially, its poets and composers developed a series of works that stand apart as unique in their rationale, style, and even musical genre. This chapter shall demonstrate that the Dublin works were distinctive in their political and social intent and function, their poetry housing the intentions of a loyal polity on the margins of the empire that had a unique and complex identity and relationship with Britain. It will discuss the music and word-setting of the works composed by Masters of the State Music Johann Sigismund Cousser and Matthew Dubourg, showing that this ceremonial music for Dublin constitutes a body of works invaluable to our understanding of the cultural and political climate in the city in the eighteenth century.

scholarly journals Influence of Technology on Socio-spatial City Development

Prostor ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1 (61)) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Vujadinović ◽  
Svetlana K. Perović
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
City Development ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

This paper is studying influence of new technologies on city development with accent on socio-spatial dimension. The primary goal of the paper is to point out the reflections of earlier ideas in the context of modern technological processes in cities. All social, technical and technological components of a community, and finally civilization, are reflected within space of the city. Although having remained the greatest consumer of many material goods, city has also become a ‘’producer’’ of many technical-technological and spiritual values of civilization. Taking into account acceleration of phenomena in the world of technology and technology featuring modernity, it reasonably brings a question on realistic chance for prediction of their further course and related social changes that are about to cause it. In many scenarios of urban future, one can sense the idea of a city as a result of high technological achievements of civilization. Special attention is paid on informational city which, connecting a lot of people into systems of interactive information technology change the way of their mutual communication, as well as their social life and culture of behaviour. Measure of organization and function of city is set by telecommunication technologies, information, and computers. If city is a ‘’print of a society in space’’, then a contemporary moment refers to ‘’digitalization’’ of human beings, digitalization of their interactions, new aesthetics, value and other criteria. The tendency of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of new technologies on 21st century cities interpreted primarily through the prism of certain theoretical and experimental ideas and concepts of the 20th century.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN DAN PENATAUSAHAAN BARANG MILIK DAERAH DI PEMERINTAH KOTA MANADO

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fikha Kristy Bolendea ◽  
Ventje Ilat ◽  
Jessy Warongan
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Local Property ◽  
City Government ◽  
Management Board ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City ◽  
Regional Work ◽  
Research Show

Regional Property is one part of the regional Government’s assets that are very important to be used and utilized to support the running of the task principal and function of each government agency in the Permendagri 19 year 2016 on guidelines for management of regional property set up government agencies in especially the regional work unit (SKPD) which became the user of regional property to carry out the management of regional property effectively and efficiently. The purpose of this study is to determine the use and administration of local property in the City Government of Manado, especially on the Regional Financial and Asset Management Board. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method. The results of the research show that the use and appropriation of regional property has been done in accordance with the prevailing regulations and has been running well, even in the inadequate use of assets. To the Head of Manado City BPKAD in order to continue to carry out technical training to the employees so that in the implementation of the use and administration of local property carried out property and in accordance with Permendagri 19 year 2016.Keywords:  usage and administration of regional property

scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONS AND SYMBOLISM OF CHINESE MINARETS: A CASE STUDY OF THE HUAISHENG GUANGTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Hamada Muhammed Hagras
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Society ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
Religious Symbolism ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

The Huisheng mosque in Guangzhou is one of China's oldest mosques; its initial construction dates back to 627. The minaret of the mosque is one of the surviving earliest examples of Islamic architecture in China. The Chinese minarets were built with a form of a wooden low-rise Chinese pavilion. In the case of Guangta, it was built by brick directly on the street with such a great height. The unique architectural form of Guangta raises many questions about its location, architecture, and function. The study traces the historical texts of the minaret to clarify its historical functions. It attempts to understand the minaret's meanings, the hidden symbolism, and its historical roles to serve the Muslim community as a religious minority in the city, on the one hand, as well as its cultural contributions on the other hand. There are several methods to achieve its objectives: the historical, the descriptive, and the comparative analytical approach. These approaches proved that the minaret played many roles associated with its form and architecture. In addition to its religious functions, it is entrusted to inform Muslims at prayer times. The minaret was also used as a control tower if the Muslim community in the city was exposed to external or internal threats and served as a lighthouse to facilitate Muslim maritime trade. Further, it carried a religious symbolism as it was a symbol of Islam itself within the local Chinese society that was not ruled by Muslims. 

scholarly journals The City is a Stage: Innovation beyond the Theatre Space

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sarah Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
Adaptive Performance ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Theatre Design ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Performance Space ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

<p>"[The] product of architecture can at least partly be understood as an endless live performance" (Van Berkel & Bos, 2008 , p. 135). As central cities such as Wellington become more event orientated, there is a greater need for a network of innovative performance venues (temporary or permanent) to meet public demand. The existing theatre spaces within Wellington are currently limited in size and the spaces are difficult to adapt to meet the needs of different performances. The thesis investigates this problem. The thesis proposes to develop a network of multifunctional performance spaces outside traditional theatre spaces in areas which are generally used as high activity public spaces and thoroughfares. This will result in not only new opportunities for theatre design and new types of adaptive performance, but, as performance is removed from a traditionally controlled environment, it will create urban spaces that are multi-functional and a better fit for a variety of experiences and uses. Several precedents are analysed with regard to the creation of new boundaries and multiple functionalities in a more contemporary setting. Public realm typologies are also explored for their capacity to be blended in form and function to create hybrid, multi-functional spaces. The resulting design strategy is applied in a series of design experiments to the selected subject site on Wellington’s waterfront. The experiments are then evaluated to aid in the development of an appropriate outdoor theatre network that will enliven the city and encourage performers to create a new style of theatre. The proposed design is developed from and through the research, and will benefit Wellington for many reasons. Firstly, the design will produce greater adaptability and permeability of the performance space in Wellington. Secondly, because theatres in Wellington are currently disengaged from their surrounding context, the proposed building will have a strong indoor/outdoor connection that encourages the use of diverse performance in and around the building. Thirdly, by placing the building in or near circulation paths, it will provide an interactive and engaging space for audiences.</p>

scholarly journals Defining Urban Science

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Michael Batty
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Urban Informatics ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Urban Science ◽  
Operational Models ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the theories and models that constitute what has come to be called urban science. Explaining and measuring the spatial structure of the city in terms of its form and function is one of the main goals of this science. It provides links between the way various theories about how the city is formed, in terms of its economy and social structure, and how these theories might be transformed into models that constitute the operational tools of urban informatics. First the idea of the city as a system is introduced, and then various models pertaining to the forces that determine what is located where in the city are presented. How these activities are linked to one another through flows and networks are then introduced. These models relate to formal models of spatial interaction, the distribution of the sizes of different cities, and the qualitative changes that take place as cities grow and evolve to different levels. Scaling is one of the major themes uniting these different elements grounding this science within the emerging field of complexity. We then illustrate how we might translate these ideas into operational models which are at the cutting edge of the new tools that are being developed in urban informatics, and which are elaborated in various chapters dealing with modeling and mobility throughout this book.

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