SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN APPROACH FOR MOSQUE

As one of the prominent public spaces for the community, Mosque is considered one of the high energy consumption buildings. Many modern mosques are designed and built without respecting the contextual environment, resulting in a non-environmental friendly Mosque. In Malaysia, the operating cost of mosques is majorly relying on public funds, and statistically are high specifically for electricity usage. Due to the use of air conditioners in cooling down the huge prayer hall due to the non-environmental design consideration. Hence, it is crucial to justify sustainable design approaches in mosques to develop environmentally friendly mosques. On the other side, the environmentally friendly mosque design is important as one of the monumental Islamic symbols that shall manifest Islam's values and philosophies towards the benefits of 'Alam' (world). The main objective of this study is to analyze the principles of Islamic methods in attaining the attributes of sustainable mosque design. It systematically reviews the existing publications to discover the concepts, definitions, and issues regarding the sustainable design approach-es for Mosque. Based on the conducted reviews, sustainable design strategies for mosques are suggested at the end of this paper. The Mosque can use some renewable technologies to save energy and be concerned about the climate condition for its design. Furthermore, it can also use sustainable materials, use natural ventilation and daylighting to provide good indoor air quality and be concerned about the social life of Muslim's religious activities.

REACHING THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT IN ISLAMIC VALUE: THEMATIC TAFSEER STUDY

This research is significant to fill the gaps in the development of green building concepts that give an emphasis to the technical strategies or solutions. This study used the thematic Quranic interpretation method (maudhu'i). It was done by collecting verses from the Quran related to the environment in general, specifically using quantitative content analysis. The result shows that there are two significant main categories stated for greenship based on thematic, mainly ASD and WAC. It reaches the most vital points. It is 56.1% points of ASD and 28.5% of WAC. It is expected that, by applying this approach, the green building concept will be much easier to be accepted, understood by human being as caliphs, and implemented as well as possible.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IBN KHALDUN'S URBAN PLANNING AND THE PLANS OF THE LOCAL AUTHORITY OF BANDAR BARU BANGI

Urban planning is a combination of two important factors: arts and science. It is used to facilitate the economic, social, political and physical changes of an area, including the selection of urban location, shape, and impact of urban planning. Comprehensive planning realizes the needs of the population with strong support from the local political authority. This study analyses the relationship between Ibn Khaldun's urban planning principles to Bandar Baru Bangi's urban planning and physical development. This study uses the content analysis method from the primary source of Ibn Khaldun's “Mukadimah” and government documents; the Rancangan Tempatan Majlis Perbandaran Kajang (Pengubahan 4) 2020 [RT MPKj (P4) 2020]. It is the official document that discusses the proposal of land use and physical development in the Majlis Perbandaran Kajang (MPKj) area. Special planning guidelines were used to develop Bandar Baru Bangi (BBB) as "Bandar Ilmu" (Knowledge City) and also part of the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) project. Urban planning by Ibn Khaldun and the Cyber Centre Planning Guidelines by MPKj in RT MPKj (P4) 2020 have similarities and differences. It is because of the wide time interval between both (years 1344 and 2011). The impact of technology provides different views and plans in both. However, urban planning goals and objectives remain the same: to provide comfort, convenience, and peace for people to conduct daily routines while improving security and progress.

DESIGN FRAMEWORK FOR ABLUTION SPACES OF ICONIC MOSQUES IN MALAYSIA

Mosques are places where Muslims perform prayers and other social activities. Those are built as a place for humans to worship the Almighty Allah at all times, as well as to provide an environment that responds to the needs of devotees and educates the future generation by the Quranic verses and the Prophet's teachings. Derived from the Holy Quran and the Prophet, purity is compulsory at all times for Muslims, and has many meanings that are applicable during prayers and the day. The ablution room is integrated into all mosque designs because it is an unseparated element. However, Malaysian mosques have been questioned in their application of some Islamic regulations to uniform a hygienically clean space that can respond the needs of Muslims. The design of the ablution rooms in Malaysian mosques is encountering a serious issue regarding the spaces' cleanliness. Although the ablution room has been designed to respond the Muslim's need to conduct the ablution practice and to cleanse a person spiritually and physically, several problems related to its design aspects were revealed. This research investigates the cleanliness of the Malaysian ablution space. It examines how the design aspects of the ablution rooms of the Iconic Malaysian Mosques impact the area's cleanliness and its users. Five case studies were selected for this study. Three methods of study were utilized: physical observation, architectural drawing analysis, and interviews. Aspects of design form, ventilation, cleaning status, and user experience were discussed. This research suggested that the larger mosques in Malaysia were suffering from serious hygiene issues that resulted from many aspects, including poor design, ventilation systems, and users' abuse. The research suggested some design guidelines for future and existing ablution areas that will improve the cleanliness.

URBAN PLANNING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR LIBYAN CITIES

The present sustainable metropolitan cities and the urban planning procedures in Libya are mainly aimed at reducing the impact on the environment due to the use of resources and improving life quality. Thus, the primary objective of this investigation is to create a model that focuses on reliable and valid urban planning of sustainable development, which highly reflects the Islamic way of live concerning the Libyan cities. The projected study model was tested experimentally using a review of 307 suitable samples, which included urban planning associated parties/industries, like the governmental institutions, academic research institutes, developer consultants, and planning and design engineers. Moreover, evaluations were done using the statistical software package Smart-PLS 2.0. The outcome shows that Libyan urban cities should comprise four major elements: social sustainability, environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and institutional markers. The indicators for every element are studied in detail later in this investigation, which contributed significantly to gaining a better insight into the model for urban planning of sustainable development concerning the Libyan cities. The results provide useful insights for the urban planning industry in order to introduce the UPSD (Urban Planning of Sustainable Development) model, which is helpful as a strategy for Libyan organizations, urban planning contribution, and development to improve Libyan cities. Also, UPSD can be used to assess developed urban areas to analyze the quality of those areas and finally indicate the areas of enhancement.

THE ADAPTATION OF ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES IN SARAWAK TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSE

Historically, in the event of Islam's arrival in the Malay Archipelago, the ways of Islam were adapted to the lifestyle of the Malay community. It's part of modernizing traditional Malay thoughts (akliah) which is influenced by Islamic values and teachings. One of the manifestations of Islamic influence in the traditional Malay lifestyle can be identified from the design and characteristics of Traditional Malay houses, developed with underlying principles of Islam. This paper discusses the application of Islamic principles in Sarawak traditional Malay houses. The research was conducted on three traditional Malay houses chosen from Sarawak and located in Kuching, Sarawak. The methods of observation and case study were employed, focusing on the interior space of the house and certain other design components. In addition, interviews were performed with the owners of the three houses that comprised the samples and focus group discussions with 12 Malay people over 65. The findings indicate that three concepts may be related to Islam's characteristics in Sarawak: the concept of occupant social connections, residential space, and construction and design.

ISLAMIC INFLUENCE ON WOODCARVING MOTIFS IN JOHOR TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSES

Woodcarving motifs can be influenced by various aspects, including religions and beliefs. Malaysia is known for its cultural diversity and is rich with traditional heritage. Malay is one of the major ethnic groups in Malaysia and is considered as the majority of the country's population, contributing to the significant heritage, including art, decoration, and even architecture. Traditional woodcarving is an intricate Malay heritage and is the symbol of Malay art. A study on Malay woodcarvings is critically needed in order to know the influence that occurs on the selection of the motifs. It is such a waste to see our woodcarving heritage destroyed unappreciated and undocumented, especially on Johor woodcarvings, as many studies in other states have done. More and more traditional Johor Malay houses are being demolished day by day before we know the historical influence on the existence. The objective of this paper was to identify the woodcarving motifs found in Johor Malay houses and to identify their influence. Site visits were conducted in which the woodcarvings of 50 houses were examined, photographed, and documented. Interviews were also conducted with the house owners and the woodcarvers. The samples were analyzed, and the results were verified by experts. The results show that floral motifs lead the statistic, and the pumpkin motif, known as 'labu maya', takes the highest percentage of the overall motifs. It is concluded that the Islamic religion is the biggest influence that contributes to the findings. The findings also show that the 'labu maya' motif is the identity of the Johor woodcarving motifs. It is hoped that this study can bring recognition to Johor woodcarvings, and contribute valuable guides for woodcarvers to apply these motif typologies into their future works to sustain and cherish the Johor local identity.

SPATIAL PATTERNS OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES IN KRAPYAK DISTRICT, YOGYAKARTA

Krapyak District is one of the significant areas in Yogyakarta, crossed by thePhilosophical Axis stretching from Tugu in the North to Panggung Krapyak inthe South end. The Javanese philosophy of Sangkan Paraning Dumadi lieswithin the axis. In 2017, based on the Special Region of YogyakartaGovernor's Decree Number 108, this axis was designated as the part of thecultural heritage. As stated in the decree, the areas around the philosophicalaxis must represent the meaning of Sangkan Paraning Dumadi, both in termsof activities and spaces. Furthermore, the presence of Islamic boardingschools, also known as pesantren, helps to transform Krapyak District into asolid Islamic community. This study aims to identify the relation betweenactivity patterns and the built environment in Krapyak District. The harmonybetween activity patterns, the built environment, and the meaning of acomplex philosophical axis of Krapyak District is fascinating to investigate,especially in light of the district's environmental issues. This study used adeductive approach with a descriptive-qualitative method based on thebehavioral space system model of place-centered mapping. It is concludedthat there are three layers of activity and space, namely the religious layer,the socio-cultural layer, and the philosophical axis layer, that interact oneanother with some specific spatial patterns.

A RESEARCH ON THE USE OF OTTOMAN-ISLAMIC HERITAGE AS A CONSUMPTION OBJECT IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE

The Islamic heritage contains a rich cultural diversity with residential and public buildings such as traditional houses, mosques, palaces, and caravanserais that belong to the Ottoman Empire period. The character of the Islamic tradition is reflected in the environment-form-space organizations and construction techniques of these buildings. But today, the influence of the Islamic heritage has begun to be represented with the dominance of consumption-oriented culture and technology. The references taken from the architecture influenced by Islam are reduced to pure visuality and fashion. Especially, Ottoman architecture and its traditional elements become consumption objects that put visuality in the foreground in contemporary design practices. The Ottoman-Islamic heritage is referenced by imitating traditional buildings’ facades or copying structural elements. These new buildings produced with today’s technologies under the name of continuity of historical culture aim to fulfill the demands of the capitalist economy rather than conveying the essence of design. The study criticizes the transformation of Ottoman-Islamic architecture’s authenticity into “looking/pretending authentic” as a theme. In this context, this study discusses the Ottoman-Islamic heritage has become an object of consumption through a variety of examples that are located in Turkey such as hotels, shopping centers, residential buildings.

THE STUDY ON THE FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF MOSQUE INSTITUTION

It was the norm for Muslim armies during the early period that whenever a new territory was conquered, the first establishment would be a mosque. That mosque served simultaneously as the military base, administrative office, and place for congregational prayers. However, at present, the function of the mosque institution has become more diversified and flexible. This paper aims to study the historical precedence of a mosque's function and the current perception of the mosque programs. The paper adopts the qualitative method through reviewing existing literature and analyzing the data using descriptive analysis. Recommendations are made based on the findings that show that the diversification of mosque's functions. It is highly needed in the present time as the Muslim community is facing rapid socio-cultural changes. Moreover, the inclusiveness of mosque institutions is significant to ensure the participation from all strata of community. Further research on these aspects can be done to study specific mosques in selected contexts.