scholarly journals Influence of bus service downtime in the transport interchange on the duration of inter-route transfer of passengers

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2(59)) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Andrii Markevych ◽  
Volodymyr Vdovychenko ◽  
Igor Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Degree Polynomial ◽  
Characteristic Effect ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Additional Service ◽  
Positive Effect

The object of the study is the effect of the downtime of vehicles at stopping points on the duration of the route between passengers within the transport hub. As a controllable parameter that determines the conditions for synchronizing the presence of vehicles at stopping points and reproduces the characteristic effect on the weighted average time spent by passengers in transport hubs, the time of additional service downtime of vehicles is allocated. The simulation modeling and processing of the results obtained made it possible to establish the characteristic patterns of changes in the time spent by passengers in transport hubs for two types of routes with different volumes of passenger arrivals, the proportion of inter-route transfers and the interval of movement. It was found that for routes with scheduled arrivals more than 40 passengers and the specific gravity of inter-route transfers up to 45 %, the introduction of additional service downtime does not allow a positive effect on the duration of the stay of passengers in transport hubs. The implementation of service downtime is advisable for routes with an average volume of regular arrivals of passengers (up to 40 passengers) and a specific weight of inter-route transfers of more than 45 %. For such conditions, the regularities are described by a third-degree polynomial with the available characteristic period, which minimizes the function of the time spent by passengers. On the basis of the conducted experimental studies, it has been established that for routes with a specific gravity of a change from 45 % to 59 %, it is advisable to have a service downtime in the range of 1 minute up to 3 minutes, and for routes with a transfer rate of more than 59 % – within 2 minutes up to 5 minutes. The use of service downtime will increase the effectiveness of the synchronization of inter-route transfers in conditions of stochastic traffic and reduce the time spent by passengers in the transport interchange hub by 0.9–3.9 minutes (14–38 %) in comparison with the existing organization of interaction between the subjects of the route flow.

scholarly journals Implementation Intentions to Reduce Smoking: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte J Hagerman ◽  
Rebecca K Hoffman ◽  
Sruthi Vaylay ◽  
Tonya Dodge
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Implementation Intention ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current Systematic Review ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Implementation intentions are a goal-setting technique in which an individual commits to perform a particular behavior when a specific context arises. Recently, researchers have begun studying how implementation intention (II) interventions can facilitate antismoking efforts. The current systematic review synthesized results of experimental studies that tested the effect of an II intervention on smoking cognitions and behavior. Of 29 reviewed articles, 11 studies met inclusion criteria. Nine studies (81.8%) tested an II intervention as a cessation tool for current smokers, whereas two tested II interventions as a tool to prevent smoking among predominantly nonsmoking adolescents. A majority of the studies (66.7%) testing II interventions as a cessation tool reported a positive effect on cessation at long-term follow-up. Of the two studies testing II interventions as a tool for prevention, one study found a positive effect on long-term follow-up. Methodology varied between the studies, highlighting the discrepancies between what researchers consider “implementation intentions” to be. II interventions are a promising tool for antismoking efforts, but more research is necessary to determine the best methodology and the populations for whom this intervention will be most effective. Implications Brief, free, and easily scalable, II interventions to prevent smoking are highly attractive for antismoking efforts. This review outlines the circumstances under which II interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in helping people resist smoking cigarettes. We illuminate gaps in the existing literature, limitations, methodological discrepancies between studies, and areas for future study.

scholarly journals Why does the spread of COVID-19 vary greatly in different countries? Revealing the efficacy of face masks in epidemic prevention

2021 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jincheng Wei ◽  
Shurui Guo ◽  
Enshen Long ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Bizhen Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Protection Measure ◽  
Source Of Infection

Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly contagious, and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by it has forced many countries to adopt ‘lockdown’ measures to prevent the spread of the epidemic through social isolation of citizens. Some countries proposed universal mask wearing as a protection measure of public health to strengthen national prevention efforts and to limit the wider spread of the epidemic. In order to reveal the epidemic prevention efficacy of masks, this paper systematically evaluates the experimental studies of various masks and filter materials, summarises the general characteristics of the filtration efficiency of isolation masks with particle size, and reveals the actual efficacy of masks by combining the volume distribution characteristics of human exhaled droplets with different particle sizes and the SARS-CoV-2 virus load of nasopharynx and throat swabs from patients. The existing measured data show that the filtration efficiency of all kinds of masks for large particles and extra-large droplets is close to 100%. From the perspective of filtering the total number of pathogens discharged in the environment and protecting vulnerable individuals from breathing live viruses, the mask has a higher protective effect. If considering the weighted average filtration efficiency with different particle sizes, the filtration efficiencies of the N95 mask and the ordinary mask are 99.4% and 98.5%, respectively. The mask can avoid releasing active viruses to the environment from the source of infection, thus maximising the protection of vulnerable individuals by reducing the probability of inhaling a virus. Therefore, if the whole society strictly implements the policy of publicly wearing masks, the risk of large-scale spread of the epidemic can be greatly reduced. Compared with the overall cost of social isolation, limited personal freedoms and forced suspension of economic activities, the inconvenience for citizens caused by wearing masks is perfectly acceptable.

CHANGES IN THE TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL OF STEAM CULTIVATORS IN THE XXI CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (143) ◽  
pp. 174-183
Author(s):  
Andrey Yu. Nesmiyan ◽  
◽  
Anastasiya S. Kaymakova ◽  
Yuliya S. Tsench ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Short Test ◽  
Specific Material ◽  
The Cost

Most modern agricultural machines and tools consist of components, the main parameters, design features of which were justified in the first half of the twentieth century. Slowly and evolutionarily, these technical means are developing. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in identifying general trends in the technical and technological level of steam cultivators in the first quarter of the XXI century. (Materials and Methods) For the study there was analyzed the data of the short test reports of the selected machines. The production of steam cultivators in the Russian Federation is gradually increasing. (Results and discussion) For ten years of the beginning of the XXI century, only 27 machines were provided for testing, and from 2014 to 2017 – more than 40, while for "old" cultivators, the weighted average value of the tractor traction class was 2.8, for new ones it is about of four. For the study period (on average 10 years) the quality of soil cultivation in terms of such parameters as deviation from the specified depth of cultivation, crumbling and combing of the field surface has not changed much. The productivity of cultivator units increased by 7-21 percents, which is explained not only by an increase in the power of tractors, but also by an increase in the utilization rate of charge time on average from 0.72 to 0.77. The specific weight of the "new" cultivators was on average 22 kilogram-meters less than that of the "old" analogues, which can be explained by the evolution of their designs. (Conclusions) Increasing the class of tractors by one "level" the specific material consumption of the cultivators aggregated with them increases by about 58 kilogram-meters for both "old" and " new " cultivators. With an increase in the width of the tools from 4 to 16 meters, their weight will increase by 8 times, which affects the cost and operational and environmental characteristics of wide-reach cultivators.

Study of the Impact of Protective Process Agents with Carbon Nanopowder Additives on Chip Forming Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 887 ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
E.A. Petrovsky ◽  
K.A. Bashmur ◽  
Vadim S. Tynchenko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Optimal Composition ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
Shrinkage Ratio ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Chromium Alloys ◽  
On Chip ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

The present study describes the impact of various protective process agents on chip forming processes. The research was conducted on NiCr20TiAl and 34NiCrMoV14-5 nickel-chromium alloys. New lubricant-cooling process agents with carbon nanopowder additives are studied. The optimal composition of the nanopowder additive and its effect during alloy cutting is examined. Experiments reveal the dependence of shrinkage ratio on cutting speed and various protective process agents. The values of H50 microhardness are also defined when cutting these alloys using protective process agents. Experimental studies found the positive effect of developed agents with nanopowder additives on the processes of NiCr20TiAl and 34NiCrMoV14-5 alloys chip formation.

scholarly journals Do You Get the Picture? A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Graphics on Reading Comprehension

AERA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 233285842090169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daibao Guo ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Katherine Landau Wright ◽  
Erin M. McTigue
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flow Diagrams ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Mixed Format

Although convergent research demonstrates that well-designed graphics can facilitate readers’ understanding of text, there are select situations where graphics have been shown to have no effect on learners’ overall text comprehension. Therefore, the current meta-analytic study examined 39 experimental studies published between 1985 and 2018 measuring graphics’ effects on readers’ comprehension. We first quantified the overall effect on reading comprehension. Then, we considered interactions with learners’ characteristics, graphic types, and assessment formats. Our analysis revealed that the inclusion of graphics had a moderate overall positive effect (Hedges’s g = 0.39) on students’ reading comprehension, regardless of grade level. Regarding graphic type, we did not find a significant difference among pictures, pictorial diagrams, and flow diagrams. Only when compared to mixed graphics, pictures had a greater effect on comprehension. Additionally, compared with true and false assessments, graphics differentially benefited students’ comprehension on open-ended comprehension assessments and mixed format assessments. Implications for future research are presented.

The Effects of Using Colored Paper to Boost Response-Rates to Surveys and Questionnaires

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hartley ◽  
Andrew Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
Surveys And Questionnaires ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Colored Paper ◽  
Positive Effect

Many people have speculated over the last 80 years or so about the possibilities of using colored paper to boost response-rates to surveys and questionnaires, and several studies have been carried out. Most of these enquiries report no significant effects from using colored paper, although there have been some exceptions. In this investigation we pooled together the results from all of the experimental studies known to us on the topic and we carried out a meta-analysis to see if there might be a positive effect for colored paper overall. The results indicated that this was not the case, for we found no significant differences between the response rates to white and to colored paper in general. However, when we considered separately the most common colors used, it appeared that pink paper had the greatest effect.

Using volume-weighted average wood specific gravity of trees reduces bias in aboveground biomass predictions from forest volume data

2018 ◽  
Vol 424 ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Bienfaiteur Takougoum Sagang ◽  
Stéphane Takoudjou Momo ◽  
Moses Bakonck Libalah ◽  
Vivien Rossi ◽  
Noël Fonton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity ◽  
Average Wood

The influence of politeness on the perception of product recall notices

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luuk Van Waes ◽  
Carel van Wijk
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Corporate Image ◽  
The Other ◽  
Product Recalls ◽  
Product Recall ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Commercial Relation ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Clear Information

When companies decide — or are forced — to publish a product recall notice, their aim is to give consumers clear information on how to handle the problem and to warn them of a possible danger. On the other hand companies try to preserve their corporate image in order to guarantee a (commercial) relation in the future. This article deals with the question whether politeness strategies lead to differences in the appreciation, acceptance and perception of product recall notices. In two experimental studies we evaluated the effect of positive and negative politeness strategies in different conditions. The results show that the use of elaborated negative politeness strategies positively influences the appreciation and acceptance of the message, and has a positive effect on the perception of the corporate image. However in a context where the product recall warns of a severe risk, writers of product recalls should use politeness strategies more cautiously. In this context the use of politeness strategies even seems to have a negative effect on the acceptability of the recall message.

scholarly journals Fibrin Glue Does Not Improve Healing of Gastrointestinal Anastomoses: A Systematic Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyge Nordentoft ◽  
Hans-Christian Pommergaard ◽  
Jacob Rosenberg ◽  
Michael Patrick Achiam
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fibrin Glue ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Gastrointestinal Surgery ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect

Background/Aim: Anastomotic leakage remains a frequent and serious complication in gastrointestinal surgery. In order to reduce its incidence, several clinical and experimental studies on anastomotic sealing have been performed. In a number of these studies, the sealing material has been fibrin glue (FG), and the results in individual studies have been varying. The positive effect of anastomotic sealing with FG might be due to the mechanical/physical properties, the increased healing of the anastomoses or both. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the existing evidence on the healing effects of FG on gastrointestinal anastomoses. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane databases were searched for studies evaluating the healing process of gastrointestinal anastomoses after any kind of FG application. The search period was from 1953 to December 2013. Results: Twenty-eight studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. These studies were all experimental studies, since no human studies used histological or biochemical evaluation of healing. In 7 of the 28 studies, a positive effect of FG on healing was found, while 8 studies reported a negative effect and 11 studies found no effect. Furthermore, 2 studies reported unclear results. The difference in the study outcome was independent of the study design and the type of FG used. Conclusion: In the available studies, FG did not consistently have a positive influence on the healing of gastrointestinal anastomoses. It is consequently plausible that the positive effect of FG sealing of gastrointestinal anastomoses, if there is any, may be due to a mechanical sealing effect rather than due to improved healing per se.

scholarly journals Optimization Model of Transit Signal Priority Control for Intersection and Downstream Bus Stop

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Li ◽  
Changjiang Zheng ◽  
Wenquan Li
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Model ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Transit Signal Priority ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Transit Service ◽  
Bus Stop ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Positive Effect

Transit signal priority has a positive effect on improving traffic condition and level of transit service in the urban area. In this paper, a passenger-based transit signal priority (TSP) optimization model is formulated to optimize intersection signal phasing based on minimizing accessibility-based passenger delay at the intersection and increased waiting-delay at the downstream bus stop simultaneously. Genetic Algorithm is utilized to calculate passenger-based optimization model that is calibrated by evening rush hour actual traffic data (17:30–18:30, October 13th–October 15th, 2015) along Shuiximen Boulevard in Nanjing, China. The performance of the proposed optimization model in decreasing delay and improving system reliability is simulated and evaluated by VISSIM-based simulation platform, and the results illustrate that the proposed optimization model presents promising outcomes in decreasing accessibility-based passenger delay at intersection (average reduction of 12%) and passenger waiting-delay at downstream bus service stop (average reduction of 18%) compared with traditional vehicle-based TSP optimization method in rush hour.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document