scholarly journals FOAM CONCENTRATES APPLICATION RATE AND THEIR FLOW RATES: AN OVERVIEW ON FLOATING ROOF TANK FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT

2013 ◽  
Vol 02 (12) ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
Kirti Vyas .
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Fire Extinguishment

Extinguishment of cable fires at packaged transformer substations

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
E. A. Ovsyannikov ◽  
D. A. Korolchenko ◽  
V. L. Semikov
Keyword(s):  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Fire Extinguishment ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Transformer Substation ◽  
Calculation Methodology ◽  
Expansion Foam ◽  
Time Specific

Introduction. According to the statistical data, electrical fires account for the majority of all fire accidents. Hence, better fireproofing of fuel and energy facilities is a relevant issue. The article addresses electrical fire extinguishment using high-expansion foam. An extinguishment time analysis methodology, applicable to fire extinguishment using high-expansion foam, has been developed to validate these solutions. The purpose of this article is to calculate the dependence between the fire extinguishment time and the foam consumption rate. The research objectives are to 1) identify the principal values to be used in the calculations and the list of input data; 2) to identify the dependence between the extinguishment time and the foam consumption rate using packaged transformer substation 2BKTP (1,000 kVA) as an example. Calculation methodology. The calculation methodology is based on the material balance equation between the amount of foam, applied for firefighting purposes, and the amount of foam, destroyed as a result of its contact with the heated wire surface, which is the main fire load inside burning electrical facilities. Research results. The co-authors have calculated the fire suppression time using packaged transformer substation 2BKTP (1,000 kVA) as an example. Dependencies between fire extinguishment time, specific foam consumption rate, and foam application rate are identified. Conclusions. The co-authors have identified the main values, needed to simulate a fire extinguishing model. They have also shown optimal foam consumption and application rates and offered their assessment of the applicability of high-expansion foam to electrical fires.

scholarly journals Centre-pivot irrigation system design for uniform water application rate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Baiamonte ◽  
Mustafa Elfahl ◽  
Giuseppe Provenzano
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Irrigation System Design

<p>In the last few decades, the use of centre-pivot irrigation systems has significantly increased, since it makes farming easier, is more efficient and less time-consuming compared to the other irrigation systems. Several studies have been focused on the hydraulics of the centre-pivot systems. Standard high-pressure impact sprinklers or low-pressure spray sprinklers or Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) systems are generally mounted on the pipeline.</p><p>To ensure the uniformity of water application, the centre-pivot design requires increasing the flow rates along the lateral, because the sprinklers farther from the pivot move faster, and therefore their instantaneous application rates must be greater. Thus, the irrigated area under a centre-pivot system expands substantially with increasing system length. To irrigate the increased area by maintaining constant the application intensity, the manufacturers propose: i) to increase the flow rates of equally spaced sprinklers, ii) to gradually decrease the spacing of equal-flow sprinklers along the centre-pivot lateral, and iii) to use semi-uniform spacing, which is a combination of the first two methods.</p><p>However, the most common centre-pivot systems have equally spaced sprinklers with increasing flow rates (nozzle sizes) along the lateral, which is probably the easiest method from a practical point of view. Although many definitions and design procedures can be found in the technical literature, a universally accepted design procedure has not yet been found. In fact, the issue of centre-pivot irrigation system design is widely debated and there is still a need for simple, yet adaptive designing guidelines for farmers using these systems, specifically to maximize water use efficiency.</p><p>This study presents an alternative design procedure of centre-pivot irrigation system allowing to set favourable water application rates. First, the sprinklers’ spacing distribution corresponding to a fixed irrigated area along the radial direction is derived. According to this outcome, the results showed that sprinkler characteristics and/or pipe diameter need to be varied along the lateral, based on the desired and uniform water application rate. Then, for a practical case, an application based on the proposed hydraulic design procedure was performed and discussed.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Water Delivery Volume, Rates and Concentrations of Metam Potassium on Purple Nutsedge Emergence in Mulched Beds

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bielinski M. Santos ◽  
James P. Gilreath
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Delivery ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Water Volumes

Over the years, efficacy of metam potassium (MK) on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) control has been inconsistent, in many cases because of a lack of knowledge about application techniques. Therefore, field studies were conducted to determine the effect of water delivery volumes and flow rates on purple nutsedge control with MK, and the influence of MK rates and concentrations on purple nutsedge control. Three separate studies were established for 1) water application volumes and flow rates, 2) MK application rates and concentrations, and 3) MK concentration levels. For the water application volumes and flow rate trials, a single MK rate of 60 gal/acre was injected with either 1 or 2 acre-inch/acre (27,154 or 54,308 gal/acre) of water. The water flow rates were 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 gal/100 ft of row per minute within each water volume. An nontreated control was included. In the application rate and concentrations studies, treatments were a nontreated control, 30 gal/acre applied with 0.5 acre-inch/acre of water (≈3000 ppm), 60 gal/acre applied with either 0.5 or 1 acre-inch/acre of water (≈6000 and 3000 ppm), 120 gal/acre applied with either 1 or 2 acre-inch/acre of water (≈6000 and 3000 ppm), and 240 gal/acre applied with 2 acre-inch/acre of water (≈6000 ppm). In the MK concentration trials, 0, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 ppm were tested. Results indicated that neither water volumes nor flow rates used for MK application had a significant impact on purple nutsedge control at 10 weeks after treatment (WAT). However, there was a significant effect of the combinations of MK rates and water delivery volumes on purple nutsedge densities at 4 and 15 WAT. Similarly, MK concentrations obtained from a single application rate resulted in improved purple nutsedge control up to 10 WAT, reducing densities to less than 5 plants/ft2 with 6000 ppm of MK.

Weed Management in Peanuts

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Good Management ◽  
Peanut Production

Successful weed control in peanuts involves use of good management practices in all phases of peanut production. This 11-page document lists herbicide products registered for use in Florida peanut production, their mode of actions group, application rate per acre and per season, and reentry interval. It also discusses the performance of these herbicides on several weeds under Florida conditions. Written by J. A. Ferrell, G. E. MacDonald, and P. Devkota, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, revised May 2020.

Automation of Process Control in Chemical Plant

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Agus Sugiarta ◽  
Houtman P. Siregar ◽  
Dedy Loebis
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Chemical Plant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inherent Problem

Automation of process control in chemical plant is an inspiring application field of mechatronicengineering. In order to understand the complexity of the automation and its application requireknowledges of chemical engineering, mechatronic and other numerous interconnected studies.The background of this paper is an inherent problem of overheating due to lack of level controlsystem. The objective of this research is to control the dynamic process of desired level more tightlywhich is able to stabilize raw material supply into the chemical plant system.The chemical plant is operated within a wide range of feed compositions and flow rates whichmake the process control become difficult. This research uses modelling for efficiency reason andanalyzes the model by PID control algorithm along with its simulations by using Matlab.

A generic fluticasone propionate and salmeterol dry powder inhaler: Evidence of usability, function, and robustness

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald P. Tashkin ◽  
Arkady Koltun ◽  
Róisín Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Fluticasone Propionate ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Dry Powder Inhaler ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Dry Powder ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Flow Rates

Background: A generic combination of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate inhalation powder in a premetered, multidose, nonreusable inhaler was recently approved. Objective: To assess the performance of the generic device. Methods: Findings from three studies with regard to device usability, function, and robustness were reviewed. Results: In a study to assess device function in patients and healthy volunteers, the generic device was successfully used by patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were either dry powder inhaler users or dry powder inhaler‐naive, even though they were not trained beyond being provided the instructions for use. In a study to measure inhaled flow rates generated by patients and healthy volunteers, the generic device consistently simulated the delivery of a full dose of drug, even to patients with severe respiratory disease and reduced inspiratory flow rates. Although the generic device had a slightly higher airflow resistance, this study demonstrated that this difference did not result in any clinically meaningful differences in terms of drug delivery. Pressure drop, a key parameter that drives the fluidization and aerosolization of the powder dose, was found to be comparable between the devices. In an open-label study, the generic device met all U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifications for device robustness after 21.5 days of twice-daily dosing via oral inhalation among 111 participants with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All inhalers tested demonstrated conformity with a pharmacopeia with respect to key quality parameters (assay, delivered dose uniformity, aerodynamic size distribution). There was no evidence of chemical degradation of the active ingredients, nor of microbial or water ingress into the powder, as a result of inhaler use.

ASSESSING MEANS AND FORCES SUFFICIENCY FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AT POWER ENGINEERING FACILITIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Andrei Ishchenko ◽  
◽  
Mikhail Aleshkov ◽  
Vladimir Roenko ◽  
Andrei Kolbasin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Engineering ◽  
Fire Extinguishment

Plant mortality and seedling recruitment responses to flupropanate in grassland populations of Nassella trichotoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.W. Bourdôt ◽  
S. Jackman ◽  
D.J. Saville
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Bio Synthesis

Flupropanate (sodium 2,2,3,3 tetrafluoropropanate), a slow-acting lipid bio- synthesis-inhibiting herbicide, was recently registered in New Zealand as Taskforce (745 g/L flupropanate as the sodium salt) for the selective and long-term control of Nassella trichotoma (nassella tussock) in pastures. In five dose-response experiments in permanent hill pastures in Canterbury, conducted between 2012 and 2016, we measured the efficacy of the herbicide against established plants of N. trichotoma and its residual activity against recruiting seedlings. Mortality, as an average across the five sites, was 93% 1.5 years after applying 1.49 kg flupropanate/ha (the label-recommended rate), and 100% at 2.98 kg/ha. This indicates that an application rate higher than the label rate will be necessary for complete control of a N. trichotoma infestation. The presence of 1,000 and 6,250 visible seedlings of N. trichotoma/ha in the autumn 3.2 and 2.1 years after applying 1.49 kg flupropanate/ha (at a Greta Valley and Scargill site respectively) indicates that the herbicide’s soil residues had decayed within 12 months to a concentration lower than necessary to kill the germinating seedlings of N. trichotoma.

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