Longitudinal Implant Stability Measurements Based on Resonance Frequency Analysis After Placement in Healed or Regenerated Bone

Primary stability is an indicator of subsequent osseointegration of dental implants. However, few studies have compared the implant stability among anatomical regions and bone types; thus, not enough data exist regarding the stability of implants placed in regenerated bone (RB). The present study evaluated primary and long-term stability of implants placed in RB and non-regenerated healed bone (HB). A total of 216 screw cylinder implants were placed in 216 patients (98 in HB and 118 in RB, 6 [RB6, N = 68] or 12 [RB12, N = 50] months after tooth extraction). Implant stability was evaluated using resonance frequency analysis (RFA) measured at the time of implant placement (E1), at the time of loading (4 months after placement, E2), and 4 months after loading (E3). Various clinically relevant measurements were obtained, such as implant diameter, length, and location, as well as bone quality. At E1, implant location, bone quality, and experimental group significantly affected implant stability (all at P < .05). At E2, implant location, diameter, length, and experimental group significantly affected implant stability (all at P < .05). At E3, bone quality, implant diameter, length, and experimental group significantly affected implant stability (all at P < .01). Stability for the RB12 group was significantly higher than all other corresponding values; further, the values did not change significantly over time. For the HB and RB6 groups, stability was significantly higher at E2 than at E1 (P < .001) and was no different between E2 and E3. Implant location, length, and experimental group were associated with these differences (all at P < .05). Compared with HB and RB6, higher implant stability may be achieved in regenerated bone 12 months post-extraction (RB12). This stability was achieved at E1 and maintained for at least 8 months. Variables such as implant length, diameter, and bone quality affected the stability differently over time. Implant stability varied in different anatomic regions and with regard to different healing processes in the bone.

Download Full-text

Influence of Bone Quality, Drilling Protocol, Implant Diameter/Length on Primary Stability: An In Vitro Comparative Study on Insertion Torque and Resonance Frequency Analysis

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00145 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 182-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Davide Farronato ◽

Mattia Manfredini ◽

Michele Stocchero ◽

Mattia Caccia ◽

Lorenzo Azzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resonance Frequency ◽

Bone Quality ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Primary Stability ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Insertion Torque ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Bone Response ◽

Implant Length

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of bone quality, drilling technique, implant diameter, and implant length on insertion torque (IT) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) of a prototype-tapered implant with knife-edge threads. The investigators hypothesized that IT would be affected by variations in bone quality and drilling protocol, whereas RFA would be less influenced by such variables. The investigators implemented an in vitro experiment in which a prototype implant was inserted with different testing conditions into rigid polyurethane foam blocks. The independent variables were: bone quality, drilling protocol, implant diameter, and implant length. Group A implants were inserted with a conventional drilling protocol, whereas Group B implants were inserted with an undersized drilling protocol. Values of IT and RFA were measured at implant installation. IT and RFA values were significantly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.54). A multivariable analysis showed a strong model. Higher IT values were associated with drilling protocol B vs A (mean difference: 71.7 Ncm), implant length (3.6 Ncm increase per mm in length), and substrate density (0.199 Ncm increase per mg/cm3 in density). Higher RFA values were associated with drilling protocol B vs A (mean difference: 3.9), implant length (1.0 increase per mm in length), and substrate density (0.032 increase per mg/cm3 in density). Implant diameter was not associated with RFA or IT. Within the limitations of an in vitro study, the results of this study suggest that the studied implant can achieve good level of primary stability in terms of IT and RFA. A strong correlation was found between values of IT and RFA. Both parameters are influenced by the drilling protocol, implant length, and substrate density. Further studies are required to investigate the clinical response in primary stability and marginal bone response.

Download Full-text

Effects of photofunctionalization on early osseointegration of titanium dental implants in the maxillary posterior region: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial

International Journal of Implant Dentistry ◽

10.1186/s40729-021-00318-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bada Choi ◽

Ye Chan Lee ◽

Kyung Chul Oh ◽

Jae Hoon Lee

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Resonance Frequency ◽

Bone Quality ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Treated Group ◽

Posterior Region ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Group Iii ◽

The Stability ◽

Double Blinded

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the effects of ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization on the stability of implants during the early phase in the posterior region of the maxilla. The study was a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Half of the participants received conventional commercial implants while the other half received UV-irradiated implants. The surgical sites were classified into three bone quality groups (II, III, IV) based on the grayscale value measured on cone-beam computed tomography. The values obtained from resonance frequency analysis were recorded immediately after implant placement and at 4 weeks and at 4 months postoperatively. The marginal bone level of the implants was evaluated using periapical radiographs at 4 weeks, 4 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Results Fifty-seven implants placed in 34 participants were analyzed in this study. In group III, significant differences were observed in terms of the differences of resonance frequency analysis values at 4 weeks (p = 0.004) and 4 months (p = 0.017) postoperatively. In group II, the UV-treated group showed significantly lesser bone loss at 4 weeks post-operatively (p = 0.037). Conclusions Within the limitation of the present study, we concluded that UV surface treatment on implants may increase the initial stability in the region of the maxilla with poor bone quality.

Download Full-text

Does Implant Design Affect Implant Primary Stability? A Resonance Frequency Analysis–Based Randomized Split-Mouth Clinical Trial

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-13-00294 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. e281-e286 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Sergio Alexandre Gehrke ◽

Ulisses Tavares da Silva ◽

Massimo Del Fabbro

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Resonance Frequency ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Primary Stability ◽

Implant Design ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Implant Stability ◽

The Mean ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

The purpose of this study was to assess implant stability in relation to implant design (conical vs. semiconical and wide-pitch vs narrow-pitch) using resonance frequency analysis. Twenty patients with bilateral edentulous maxillary premolar region were selected. In one hemiarch, conical implants with wide pitch (group 1) were installed; in the other hemiarch, semiconical implants with narrow pitch were installed (group 2). The implant allocation was randomized. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured by resonance frequency analysis immediately following implant placement to assess primary stability (time 1) and at 90 days after placement (time 2). In group 1, the mean and standard deviation ISQ for time 1 was 65.8 ± 6.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 55 to 80), and for time 2, it was 68.0 ± 5.52 (95% CI, 57 to 77). In group 2, the mean and standard deviation ISQ was 63.6 ± 5.95 (95% CI, 52 to 78) for time 1 and 67.0 ± 5.71 (95% CI, 58 to 78) for time 2. The statistical analysis demonstrated significant difference in the ISQ values between groups at time 1 (P = .007) and no statistical difference at time 2 (P = .54). The greater primary stability of conical implants with wide pitch compared with semiconical implants with narrow pitch might suggest a preference for the former in case of the adoption of immediate or early loading protocols.

Download Full-text

Assessment of the Correlation between the Implant Distance and Primary Stability by Resonance Frequency Analysis

Journal of Dental Surgery ◽

10.1155/2015/568715 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Samuel Jeu ◽

Etienne Guillaud ◽

Laurent Hauret ◽

Jean-Christophe Coutant ◽

Bruno Ella

Keyword(s):

Resonance Frequency ◽

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Primary Stability ◽

Artificial Substrate ◽

Artificial Bone ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Implant Stability ◽

Human Cadavers ◽

Dry Bone

Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the interimplant distance on the implant primary stability (ISQ) by Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA). Method. Forty-five implants were placed in the mandible of human cadavers and 108 in artificial bone substrates in the form of polyurethane foam blocks. Primary implant stability was successively measured first by RFA immediately after the placement of the first implant (A) and then after two other implants (B and C) proximal and distal to the first implant. The interimplant distances were defined from 1 to 6 mm and the three primary stability values measured were compared. Results. On the mandibles, no correlation was observed between the interimplant distances and primary stability. On the polyurethane foam block, the primary stability of implant A increased significantly (p<0.001) after the placement of implant B but remained constant after placement of implant C. Conclusion. Reducing the interimplant distance does not affect the primary stability on dry bone or artificial substrate.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Insertion Energy as Novel Parameter for Dental Implant Stability

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9092977 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 2977

Author(s):

Tanja Grobecker-Karl ◽

Anthony Dickinson ◽

Siegfried Heckmann ◽

Matthias Karl ◽

Constanze Steiner

Keyword(s):

Resonance Frequency ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Primary Stability ◽

Insertion Torque ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Implant Stability ◽

Time Curve ◽

Trapezoidal Formula ◽

Primary Implant ◽

Reliable Parameter

Insertion energy has been advocated as a novel measure for primary implant stability, but the effect of implant length, diameter, or surgical protocol remains unclear. Twenty implants from one specific bone level implant system were placed in layered polyurethane foam measuring maximum insertion torque, torque–time curves, and primary stability using resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Insertion energy was calculated as area under torque–time curve applying the trapezoidal formula. Statistical analysis was based on analysis of variance, Tukey honest differences tests and Pearson’s product moment correlation tests (α = 0.05). Implant stability (p = 0.01) and insertion energy (p < 0.01) differed significantly among groups, while maximum insertion torque did not (p = 0.17). Short implants showed a significant decrease in implant stability (p = 0.01), while reducing implant diameter did not cause any significant effect. Applying the drilling protocol for dense bone resulted in significantly increased insertion energy (p = 0.02) but a significant decrease in implant stability (p = 0.04). Insertion energy was not found to be a more reliable parameter for evaluating primary implant stability when compared to maximum insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Implant Stability of Patients With and Without Radiotherapy Using Resonance Frequency Analysis

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-12-00107 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 30-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Banu Karayazgan-Saracoglu ◽

Arzu Atay ◽

Haluk Zulfikar ◽

Yuksel Erpardo

Keyword(s):

Correlation Analysis ◽

Resonance Frequency ◽

Dental Implants ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Implant Stability ◽

History Of ◽

The Stability

The purpose of this study was to clinically monitor the stability of dental implants in patients with and without a history of radiotherapy, using resonance frequency analysis over 1 year. The stability of patients with 80 implants was monitored with resonance frequency analysis (Osstell Mentor) over 1 year. Data were assessed with Mann-Whitney U test and correlation analysis. Irradiated maxillary implants showed statistically lower values than the mandibular implants at a significant level (P < .05).

Download Full-text

An experimental study on the effects of the cortical thickness and bone density on initial mechanical anchorage of different Straumann® implant designs

International Journal of Implant Dentistry ◽

10.1186/s40729-021-00367-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marie Emmert ◽

Aydin Gülses ◽

Eleonore Behrens ◽

Fatih Karayürek ◽

Yahya Acil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resonance Frequency ◽

Cortical Bone ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Primary Stability ◽

Longitudinal Axis ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Recipient Site ◽

Distal Epiphysis ◽

Bone Level ◽

The Stability

Abstract Background The aim of the current study was to comparatively assess the primary stability of different Straumann® implant designs (BLX, Straumann Tapered Effect, Bone Level Tapered, and Standard Plus) via resonance frequency analysis by using an implant insertion model in freshly slaughtered bovine ribs with and without cortical bone. Tapered Effect (4.1 × 10 mm), Bone Level Tapered (4.1 × 10 mm), Standard Plus (4.1 × 10 mm), and BLX (4.0 × 10 mm) implants were inserted into the distal epiphysis on the longitudinal axis of the freshly slaughtered bovine ribs. As a control, implants with the same sizes were inserted into the proximal diaphysis. The stability of the implants was examined with resonance frequency analysis. Results BLX and Tapered Effect implants showed higher implant stability quotient values in both study and control groups. All implant systems showed a significant decrease of mechanical anchorage in the study group. BLX and Bone Level Tapered designs had a significantly lower loss of mechanical anchorage in the lack of cortical bone. Conclusion Both Tapered Effect and BLX designs could ensure sufficient initial stability; however, BLX implants could be an appropriate option in the lack of cortical bone and poor bone quality at the implant recipient site. Clinical relevance BLX is a novel implant system, which could be especially beneficial in the presence of spongious bone type at posterior maxillae.

Download Full-text

Influence of Implant Dimensions and Position on Implant Stability: A Prospective Clinical Study in Maxilla Using Resonance Frequency Analysis

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9050860 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 860 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Antonio Nappo ◽

Carlo Rengo ◽

Giuseppe Pantaleo ◽

Gianrico Spagnuolo ◽

Marco Ferrari

Keyword(s):

Resonance Frequency ◽

Dental Implant ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Primary Stability ◽

Prospective Clinical Study ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Implant Stability ◽

Implant Stability Quotient ◽

Implant Placement ◽

Implant System

Implant stability is relevant for the correct osseointegration and long-term success of dental implant treatments. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the influence of implant dimensions and position on primary and secondary stability of implants placed in maxilla using resonance frequency analysis. Thirty-one healthy patients who underwent dental implant placement were enrolled for the study. A total of 70 OsseoSpeed TX (Astra Tech Implant System—Dentsply Implants; Mölndal, Sweden) implants were placed. All implants have been placed according to a conventional two-stage surgical procedure according to the manufacturer instructions. Bone quality and implant stability quotient were recorded. Mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) at baseline (ISQ1) was statistically significant lower compared to 3-months post-implant placement (ISQ2) (p < 0.05). Initial implant stability was significantly higher with 4 mm diameter implants with respect to 3.5 mm. No differences were observed within maxilla regions. Implant length, diameter and maxillary regions have an influence on primary stability.

Download Full-text

Validation of Resonance Frequency Analysis by Comparing Implant Stability Quotient Values With Histomorphometric Data

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-09-00137 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 301-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ashish Thomas Kunnekel ◽

K. Chandrasekharan Nair ◽

E. Munirathnam Naidu ◽

Gomathinayagam Sivagami

Keyword(s):

Resonance Frequency ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Primary Stability ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Implant Stability ◽

Implant Stability Quotient ◽

The Relationship

Abstract The study was designed to determine the relationship between implant stability quotient (ISQ) values measured using resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and implant-bone distance measured histomorphometrically. Ten identical implants were equally divided into 2 groups based on primary stability at placement. Osteotomies were prepared in harvested goat femurs. ISQ values were measured and compared with implant-bone distance determined by micrometry. Based on the results, it was concluded that RFA can be used to measure implant stability reliably.

Download Full-text

Factors Influencing Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) Measurements and 5-Year Survival of Neoss Dental Implants

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2019/3209872 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Peter Andersson ◽

Luca Pagliani ◽

Damiano Verrocchi ◽

Stefano Volpe ◽

Herman Sahlin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resonance Frequency ◽

Dental Implants ◽

Bone Quality ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Implant Failure ◽

Implant Survival ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Implant Stability ◽

Jaw Position

Background. Diagnostic instruments based on resonance frequency analysis (RFA) can be utilised to assess dental implant stability during treatment and follow-up. Aim. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of patient- and implant-related factors on implant stability and the 5-year implant survival. In addition, the influence of stability (ISQ value) at placement and abutment connection on implant survival was evaluated. Materials and Methods. RFA measurements from a total of 334 consecutive patients with 745 dental implants (Neoss Ltd., Harrogate, UK) were retrospectively analysed after at least 5 years in function. Statistics were used to evaluate the influence of the different variables on implant stability and implant survival. Odds ratio calculations were performed to compare the risk for implant failure using 60, 65, 70, and 75 ISQ as threshold levels at placement and loading. Results. A total of 20 implant failures in 14 patients were noted during the 5 years of follow-up, giving an overall cumulative survival rate (CSR) of 97.3% at the implant level and 95.8% at the patient level. Gender, jaw, position, bone quality, and implant diameter had an influence on implant stability at placement. Jaw, bone quality, and implant diameter had an influence on stability after 3-4 months of healing. More failures were observed in full than in partial rehabilitations. Age, gender, jaw, position, bone quantity, bone quality, implant diameter, and implant length had no influence on implant survival. Implants with ISQ values below the threshold levels showed lower survival rates compared to implants with values above these levels. Conclusions. The present study showed a significantly higher risk for implant failure, showing an ISQ value below 70 and 75 at placement or after 3-4 months of healing. The results indicate that RFA measurements can be used to identify implants with increased risk for failure.

Download Full-text