OCCURRENCE, ECOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF BANANA STREAK BADNAVIRUS (BSV) AND CUCUMBER MOSAIC CUCUMOVIRUS (CMV) IN MUSA SP. PRODUCTION AREAS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COASTLINE OF TURKEY

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is a plant species that has gradually started to be included in the plant pattern in the Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia regions in recent years. In these regions where boron (B) deficiency may be common in terms of soil and environmental factors, it is very important to determine the B nutritional level of the plants, especially the Pistachio which is sensitive to B deficiency. Based on this point, within the scope of this research, the shoot B concentration of the pistachio plant in increasing doses of B (0%; 0.2%; 0.4%; 0.6% and 0.8%) application from the leaf in two different periods when the bream explosion was 20% and the fruit was in the lentil size period and its effects on nutrients have been investigated. For this purpose, trial random blocks in the production areas where two pistachio varieties (Uzun and Kırmızı) were grown under garden conditions were carried out according to the trial plan. As a result of the research, it was determined that plant varieties and applied fertilizer doses had a significant effect on B concentration. Under all B applications according to plant varieties, it was determined that the B concentration was higher in the Kırmızı (21%) variety than in the Uzun variety (8.3%), the average B concentration was 200.3 mg kg-1in the Kırmızı variety and 176.3 mg kg-1 in the Uzun variety. It was determined that the B concentration in the shoot of the plant increased with increasing doses of B application, and these increases (36.8%) were statistically significant at only 0.6% B dose application compared to the control. No statistically significant effect of boron application on the analyzed macro (N, K) and micro (Zn, Fe, Mn) element concentrations was found.

Download Full-text

Banana Streak Badnavirus and Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus in Farmers' Fields in Zanzibar

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1998.82.12.1403b ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 82 (12) ◽

pp. 1403-1403 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. R. Vuylsteke ◽

J. d'A. Hughes ◽

K. Rajab

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Pest Management ◽

Research Station ◽

First Report ◽

Musa Spp ◽

Cavendish Banana ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus ◽

Viruslike Particles ◽

Banana Streak Badnavirus ◽

Leaf Symptoms

Symptoms resembling those of viral leaf streak disease, caused by banana streak badnavirus (BSV), were observed in May 1998 on two banana (Musa spp.) landraces grown from farmer-collected propagules in a farmer's field at Kiboje Uchukuni, Zanzibar. Those showing symptoms were “French plantain” cv. Mzuzu and “Cavendish” banana cv. Mtwike. Leaf symptoms were expressed as chlorotic streaks and blotches. Leaf samples were indexed by immunosorbent electron microscopy with BSV and cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) antibodies, using partially purified preparations (2). The two landraces tested positive for BSV, corroborating the occurrence of BSV in Zanzibar. In addition, cv. Mtwike was found to be coinfected with CMV. No other viruslike particles were seen by electron microscopy. Although BSV has been reported in Zanzibar (1), it was only from symptoms in the Musa field genebank at Kizimbani Research Station. BSV has been found in many Musa collections worldwide, particularly in the widely grown cv. Mysore. This report confirms the presence of BSV in farmers' fields and is also the first report of CMV infecting banana in Zanzibar. References: (1) A. J. Dabek and J. M. Waller. Trop. Pest Management 36:157, 1990. (2) M. Diekmann and C. A. J. Putter. Musa spp. FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm No. 15. FAO/IPGRI, Rome, Italy, 1996.

Download Full-text

Banana Die-Back Virus - a New Virus Infecting Banana in Nigeria

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1998.82.1.129c ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 129-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. d'A. Hughes ◽

P. R. Speijer ◽

O. Olatunde

Keyword(s):

Systemic Infection ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Banana Bunchy Top Virus ◽

Leaf Necrosis ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Banana Streak Badnavirus ◽

Antiserum Titer

Two viruses naturally infect Musa in Nigeria: banana streak badnavirus (BSV) and cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV). During a recent field survey at Ibadan (Nigeria), some severely stunted banana plants (cv. Valery) were found that tested negative for CMV, banana bunchy-top virus, and BSV. The plants had symptoms of leaf crinkling, leaf necrosis, and cigar-leaf die-back. Subsequent suckers from the same mats were progressively more stunted. A 28- to 30-nm isometric virus was purified, and used for the production of antibodies, from the affected plants with (NH4)2SO4 to precipitate the virus. The antiserum (titer of 1:10,000) was used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunosorbent electron microscopy to detect the virus. Mechanical inoculation with partially purified virus preparations resulted in stunting and development of pinpoint chlorotic lesions on Vigna unguiculata TVu-76 and symptomless systemic infection of Nicotiana occidentalis. The virus was not mechanically transmissible from N. occidentalis to banana. A serological relationship between this virus, banana die-back virus (BDBV), and tobacco ringspot, tomato ringspot, and cacao necrosis nepoviruses was found. The nematode species around the affected banana plants were isolated: Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden was the dominant species, low numbers of H. dihystera (Cobb) Sher were present, but no virustransmitting nematodes were found in soil or banana roots. Further studies are needed to determine the mode of spread of BDBV, the implications for banana/plantain production in sub-Saharan Africa, and the safe international movement of germplasm.

Download Full-text

Current Distribution of the Olive Psyllid, Euphyllura olivina, in California and Initial Evaluation of the Mediterranean Parasitoid Psyllaephagus euphyllurae as a Biological Control Candidate

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11030146 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Evelyne Hougardy ◽

Xingeng Wang ◽

Brian N. Hogg ◽

Marshall W. Johnson ◽

Kent M. Daane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Current Distribution ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Central Valley ◽

Control Agent ◽

Host Feeding ◽

Euphyllura Olivina ◽

Choice Tests ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Production Areas

The olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina, is a newly invasive species to California with the potential to become an economical pest if it reaches the olive production regions of California’s Central Valley. Here, we report on surveys undertaken in California to assess the psyllid’s current distribution and the occurrence of parasitism. Additionally, we present results of foreign collections of its parasitoids and initial non-target studies of a possible biological control agent, the Mediterranean parasitoid Psyllaephagus euphyllurae. The current distribution of the psyllid appears to be limited to the California coast between Monterey and San Diego; there have been no reports of infestations on olives in the major production areas of central and northern California. Psyllaephagus euphyllurae was the major primary parasitoid found in our foreign collections. The potential non-target impact of P. euphyllurae was tested on three native North American psyllid species: Neophyllura arctostaphyli, Euglyptoneura nr. robusta, and Calophya nigrella. No P. euphyllurae developed on the non-target species during no-choice tests. Behavioral observations in choice tests confirmed no attack on the non-target hosts, although the parasitoid did remain longer on N. arctostaphyli-infested manzanita plants, and revealed no host feeding behavior.

Download Full-text