scholarly journals Tradition in Conditions of Military Extremeness: Folk Ways of Understanding and “Overcoming” the Great Patriotic War

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-228
Author(s):  
Marina Ryblova ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina Arkhipova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Sacred Places ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Folk Ritual ◽  
Folk Stories ◽  
Ritual Practices

Introduction. In the study the authors consider the ways of understanding and overcoming the extreme conditions of the Great Patriotic The task is to define the forms and ways of “overcoming” the war conditions and its traumatizing consequences developed by Russians and to identify their connection with traditional types of worldview and folk ritual practices. Methods and materials. The analysis of folk stories recorded among different generations and rural Russian areas as well as memories about the wartime and the period after the Great Patriotic War compose the base of the article. According to the main task the authors use the method widely used in the Russian Ethnography which is called the “inside the tradition” view, or analysis from the position of its bearers. Analysis. The natural alternation of periods of prosperity and crises explains the inevitability of war, but according to popular beliefs, the impoverishment of the sacred sphere of life is the main factor of a tragedy. On the contrary, human turning to God and his / her repentance determine the possibility of overcoming a tragedy. The concept of “a rule” (and its violation) as well as the concept of “a destiny” (a shared fate) which must be restored and redistributed under the crisis according to popular beliefs play an important role in the mechanism of developing ways to “overcome” the war among the Russians during the wartime. Wartime ritual practices including baking and cutting bread, redistributing it to the front line, organizing joint meals, etc. confirm the statement. The process of the revival of religious (Orthodox) practices, and the formation of a collective memory of the war and the fallen heroes was inspired from below, from the masses. This initiative included folk forms of veneration and remembrance of the dead, the creation of sacred places associated with the war and the memory about it. Women, who became the main keepers of the tradition, who took upon themselves the functions of harmonizing the socio-psychological situation in rural areas during the difficult war and postwar years, were especially active in these processes. Results. The authors confirm the particular role of traditional types of worldview influencing the modern collective memory as well as social practices during both extreme conditions and everyday life. Ordinary people preferred to turn to centuries-old spiritual traditions of overcoming war traumas and to use the experience of preserving collective memory of them formed in the pre-revolutionary time within the peasant and Cossack communities.

scholarly journals The Party Building Leads the Innovative Exploration of Grassroots Governance in Rural Pastoral Areas under the Concept of Co-governance

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Dengpeng  Jing
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Grassroots Organizations ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Party Building ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Relationship

With the rapid development of society and economy, grassroots organizations in rural pastoral areas are an important part of party building, shouldering the mission of implementing party policies, and playing an important role in leading herdsmen to fight poverty and realize basic modernization in rural areas. The mission and responsibilities of grassroots party organizations in rural and pastoral areas are undergoing profound changes. Strengthening the construction of grassroots party organizations in rural and pastoral areas will help promote the relationship between the party and the masses, cadres and the masses in rural and pastoral areas, and promote the establishment of party organizations in rural and pastoral areas. At present, grassroots party building in rural pastoral areas is facing new challenges, such as insufficient party organization building, and unclear power boundaries between party organizations and villagers’ autonomous organizations. Only by accelerating the construction of infrastructure and public services in rural pastoral areas and doing a good job in the construction of rural grassroots party organizations can improve the level of party building in rural pastoral areas and promote the basic modernization of rural areas.

scholarly journals This Is My World: A Submariner’s Battlefield Diary

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yekaterina Postnikova ◽  
Viktoriya Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Personal History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army

Battlefield diaries written by simple soldiers and seamen are unique, rare, and practically uncensored sources of war anthropology. The authors combine the comparative historical method of literary criticism with source analysis, which enables them to consider the Great Patriotic War from the point of view of personal history and reveal the peculiarities of wartime ego-documents. The authors refer to the battlefield diary of G. I. Sennikov, a submariner of the Northern Fleet, written between 1943 and 1946. The diary combines the genres of a diary and an ego-document. The peculiarity of the text is the fact that it combines the functions of a battlefield diary (keeping the author’s memories, having a therapeutic effect, etc.) and those of the individualisation process which helps the author to construct and preserve their own personality (self-identification, self-expression, philosophical, analytical, and vicarious functions, etc.) in the extreme conditions of war (from Murmansk between 1943 and 1944 to Crimea between 1944 and 1946). The autobiographic narrative bears the typical features of a diary, reflecting the development of a young Red Army sailor, i. e. severe selfcriticism, the “other” individuality which the author painfully becomes aware of, a frank and quite often uncomplimentary analysis of situations related to sexual relations. Additionally, the diary reflects the crucial stages in the sailor’s personal growth. The author of the diary builds a world of his own and works out his own ethical code; also, he creates a life plan and sets goals for himself.

scholarly journals Daily Existence of Karl Marx Smolensk State Pedagogical Institute during the Great Patriotic War (According to Contemporary Recollections)

TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 145-155
Author(s):  
Kupchenko Konstantin ◽  
Nikitina Natalia
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Pedagogical Institute ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Guidelines

issues of the daily life of educational establishments in the Western regions of the Soviet Union which were attacked and occupied in the early period of the Great Patriotic War have been touched upon in this article. The essence of historical science of war is that the paradigm is confined to the study of military operations and battles being the subject of numerous studies, scientific events, documentary chronicles. Many social history moments of wars have undeserved on the fringes of the scientific field of studying these problems. The history of everyday life has recently become a current historical research direction in the national historical science, allowing to reconstruct many events often unfairly unreported in scientific research and left in archival material or memoirs of the their direct participants. The relevance of the project stems from the very limited knowledge of the problem which has not been reflected either in the specialized studies or in the comprehensive studies of history of Smolensk Pedagogical Institute and the region in whole. The main task of the present study is to identify previously inaccessible information on the employees and students of Smolensk Pedagogical Institute who took part directly in the events described, introduction of new historical sources of science, especially personal sources. The work is based on strict adherence to the principle of historism. The article uses the most scientific and productive methodological guidelines of modern historical research directions. The main approach is historical-anthropological. The integrated approach of the study involves the following methods: historical description, historical analysis, comparative history, microhistory. The whole complex of archival heuristics tools is used in the work with the documents. In view of the lack of special works, the individual archives on the topic of the study were based on the materials identified in personal collections, common archives, relating to the military period of the region, memoirs and recollections of witnesses and direct participants in the events described in the proceedings. The study shows that since the first days of the war the staff and students of the Institute were involved in general activities aimed at organization of defense, at the opposition to the enemy, at evacuattion: to ensure the security of buildings and property, to attract to economic, defensive activities, assisting fighter squads. The authors note that at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War the main activities directed to mobilization, defense and evacuation measures in Smolensk Pedagogical Institute were assigned to the Department of Military Training as the most prepared for work in extreme conditions. It has been shown in the article that in July 1941 due to the occupation of the city Smolensk Pedagogical Institute ceased to function as a teaching unit and it resumed its activity only after the liberation of the region in autumn 1943.

Food Contribution of the Rostov Region to the Great Victory

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Zhevalov
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Collective State ◽  
State Farm ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Farm System ◽  
Great Victory

The article is devoted to the study of supplies of agricultural products of the Rostov region during the Great Patriotic war. The materials contained in the funds of the Russian state archive of Economics, which are first introduced into scientific circulation, formed the basis of this article. From documentary archival data, the total number of agricultural products of the Rostov region delivered to the state in 1941-1945 is determined. The author shows the dynamics of procurement of these food products. The relevance of the article is due to the constantly reviving discussions about the importance of the contribution to the Great Victory of domestic agricultural supplies. The author comes to the conclusion that the collective-state farm system of farming in rural areas managed to provide the Red Army and the Soviet people with the necessary amount of bread, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk, eggs, etc.

PROBLEMS OF ELIMINATION OF ILLITERACY IN THE EASTERN TRANSBAIKALYE IN 1920

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
ANTONINA I. MOROZ ◽  
◽  
RASTYAM T. ALIEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Students ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Local Leadership ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Masses

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of campaigns to eliminate illiteracy of the adult population, which were carried out in Eastern Transbaikalia in the 1920s. The Soviet policy of raising the educational level of adult able-bodied workers and peasants has repeatedly become the subject of research by historians, sociologists, teachers, but at the same time has not lost its scientific potential. Currently, the features of the implementation of this policy in various regions of our country are being actively studied. The local material makes it possible to trace the problems of the practical activities of educational institutions for the adult population (health centers and schools for the illiterate), among which are the lack of material resources, the lack of teachers (especially in rural areas), their low qualifications, which had a negative impact on the organization of training sessions. Within the framework of this article, the author draws attention to the relatively poorly studied problem of the outflow of the trained contingent from such institutions. Historical sources indicate that this problem was very acute and jeopardized the implementation of plans to eradicate illiteracy. Adult students stopped attending educational institutions for a variety of reasons, but the main one was weak personal motivation to learn. The author examines the measures that the local leadership resorted to in an effort to solve this problem (agitation and propaganda among the masses, negative and positive sanctions against the contingent of health centers and schools for the illiterate), and their effectiveness is assessed. The article was written on the basis of unpublished and published documents from the funds of the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory, a significant part of which is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

KALINOVSKY CROSS. A RESONANT MIRACLE OF 1923 IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FOLKLORE NARRATIVES

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-140
Author(s):  
Olga V. Belova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Life ◽  
General Level ◽  
Sacred Objects ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
Folk Stories ◽  
Ritual Practices

The publication considers the main motifs of evidences about the so-called Kalinovka miracle that took place in the summer of 1923 in Ukraine (Podolia province). Analyzing folk stories about the “Kalinovka miracle” that are contemporary to the event, one can show how the evidences of miracles that occurred around the Kalinovsky cross correlate with the traditional plot schemes of folk legends about sacred objects and with ritual practices that arise and develop around venerated holy places. As it is shown in the legends, memorates, and folklore texts of other genres that were popular in 1923, the fact of the “Kalinovka miracle” became significant for society in the context of other phenomena, including rumors generated by the renewal of sacred objects or the general level of religious sentiment in that period of time. The influence of subjects related to the “Kalinovka miracle” not only on the folklore tradition of Podolia and Volyn’, but also on the traditions of other regions of Ukraine and Russia, is confirmed by the fixation of numerous versions of folklore texts that reflect this fact of religious life.

Visitor Centres as a Contribution to Improving Urban-Rural Relations

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Videnovic ◽  
Milos Arandjelovic
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
The Third ◽  
Urban Rural

The architecture of public buildings in rural areas, through the advancement of skills, knowledge, technologies, and materials, has become increasingly representative in recent decades, especially considering tourism as a global theme. The work is related to the planning of visitor centers in rural areas and the main task is defined by the effort to improve the quality of life in such areas, that is, highlight the major advantages in space, such as the natural environment. The aim of the research is defined by establishing certain elements in the planning of the visitor centers within the idea of promoting local values and cultural heritage. The first part of the chapter has been defined as an analysis of the theoretical views. The second part of the study has been defined as an analysis of the visitor centers. Through a case study, in the third part of the chapter, the work presents a comparative overview of the process to achieve two individual similar investments in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.

The Great Patriotic War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Collective Memory

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Markwick
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Personal Trauma

World War II has never ended for the citizens of the former Soviet Union. Nearly 27 million Soviet citizens died in the course of what Joseph Stalin declared to be the Great Patriotic War, half of the total 55 million victims of the world war. The enduring personal trauma and grief that engulfed those who survived, despite the Red Army's victory over fascism, was not matched by Stalin's state of mind, which preferred to forget the war. Not until the ousting of Nikita S. Khrushchev in October 1964 by Leonid Brezhnev was official memory of the war really resurrected. This article elaborates a thesis about the place of World War II in Soviet and post-Soviet collective memory by illuminating the sources of the myth of the Great Patriotic War and the mechanisms by which it has been sustained and even amplified. It discusses perestroika, patriotism without communism, the fate of the wartime Young Communist heroine Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, the battle for Victory Day, the return of ‘trophy’ art, the Hill of Prostrations, and Sovietism without socialism.

Calendars of Exopraxis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-332
Author(s):  
Aude Aylin de Tapia
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Ritual Practices

In the nineteenth-century Ottoman empire, Cappadocia, in the heart of Anatolia, was one of the last regions where Rum Orthodox Christians cohabited with Muslims in rural areas. Among the main aspects of everyday coexistence were the beliefs and ritual practices that, shared by Muslim and Christian individuals, blurred religious belonging as it is traditionally defined. Anthropologists and ethnologists have studied exopraxis broadly, while historians have neglected the topic until recently. In the case of anthropologists, studies have mostly focused on the spatiality of sharing that is characteristic of exopraxis. This article, based largely on testimonies collected in the Oral Tradition Archives of the Center for Asia Minor Studies in Athens, analyzes the temporality of exopraxis and inquires into the different but shared calendars that ordered the ritual life of Muslims and Orthodox Christians in Cappadocia. These testimonies, taken from Orthodox Christians who lived in Turkey prior to the exchange of populations between Turkey and Greece in 1923, help us to understand how the sharing of religious calendars resulted in feelings of belonging to a single collectivity.

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