scholarly journals The Will of Eustathios Boilas in the Context of Byzantine-Georgian Political Relations in the 11th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 152-160
Author(s):  
Dmitry Kosourov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Will ◽  
Written Traditions

ntroduction. The article considers the data of the Will of the Byzantine nobleman Eustathios Boilas about his possessions in the Byzantine theme Iberia and Great Armenia in the context of political relations between Byzantium and the Georgian Kingdom in the 1040s and 1050s. Methods. The comparison of the texts of different written traditions is carried out. The data of the Will of Eustathios Boilas is analyzed in the context of “Chronicle of Kartli” from the corpus of the Kartlis Tskhovreba and the other sources. Analysis. The comparison of information from all the texts indicates that Boilas’ possessions even reached beyond the theme of Iberia, in particular, to the Northern Tao and part of Klarjeti. From the late 30s of the 11th century this territory became the arena of a cruel Georgian civil conflict between the Georgian king Bagrat IV and the Byzantium ally, the Duke of Kldekari Liparit IV Baghuashi. The defeat of Liparit in this conflict between 1053 and 1057 forced Byzantium to abandon its new acquisitions in Northern Tao, as a result of which, among other things, Eustathios Boilas lost several of his lands, which were transferred to Bagrat IV and his allies. Results. As the study shows, the borders of the theme Iberia and Great Armenia in the period from 1047 to 1053/1057 expanded to the north, including the territory of the Northern Tao and possibly part of Klarjeti, which was ruled by the Byzantine ally Liparit. The combination of data from both Byzantine and Georgian texts assumes to revise the generally accepted point of view about the administrative boundaries of the Iberia and Great Armenia theme.

scholarly journals The relationship between Le Van Duyet and Minh Mang in the first 30 years of the power concentration process in the Nguyen Dynasty

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Thuan Tran ◽  
Toan Phuc Vo
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Great Power ◽  
National Defense ◽  
The North ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South

Upon founding the dynasty, Gia Long upheld a politico-military on a vast territory with two administrative units of power ruling over the two areas now named the North and South of Vietnam respectively. Gia Dinh Citadel – the administrative unit ruling the South of Vietnam with a very important role in economy, national defense, and diplomacy – was headed by Le Van Duyet. In the first 30 years of the Nguyen Dynasty, along with the transfer of power from the Gia Long to the Minh Mang was the position assertion of Le Van Duyet in Gia Dinh Citadel, making him one of the most powerful figures. However, the transfer of the throne also marked the concentration of power into the hands of the central government ruled by the emperor; thus, leading to the elimination of administrative units upholding great power such as Gia Dinh Citadel. This process took place in a quite complex manner due to intrinsic problems revolving around the relationship between Minh Mang and Le Van Duyet – the relationship between a king and a high-ranking mandarin with great power. The paper describes the maneuver of political relations between the two characters in the 30 years of power concentration from a fresher point of view.

The Idea of a “Safety Belt”

1949 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1001-1009
Author(s):  
Arnold Brecht
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
The North ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Common ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many

After the North Atlantic Treaty. The North Atlantic treaty, with its incorporation of the principle that attack on any one of the signatory powers will be considered an attack on all, has done more than any previous measure to strengthen the morale of Western Europe. No longer need any of the participating European countries, whether big or small, be afraid that it might be left alone in the hour of attack. Against that hour, if it should have to come, all will prepare in common.On the other hand, it is obvious that this firm expression of the “will to defend” has gravely accentuated the dividing line between East and West. More definitely than ever, outside of the two World Wars, Europe has now realigned herself in two antagonistic camps, both heavily armed. This fact will receive further emphasis in the process of implementing the treaty. Each one of the many particular measures that will now be taken to organize and strengthen the common defense, and the concomitant increase in expenditures for armament—much more noticeable in democracies with their public discussion of all military and budgetary issues than in the silent realms of dictatorial censorship—will have the effect of a showing of teeth and rattling of sabers.

scholarly journals JUAL BELI DALAM PANDANGAN ISLAM

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Shobirin Shobirin
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limit Time ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Way

Selling (business) is the exchange of wealth on the basis of mutual willing and the joint agreement. There are four Perversions, namely; (1) Marriage  (ijab qobul) (2) the prescribed is run (subject)   (3) ma›kud ‹alaih (object) useful objects according to the view of syara› (4) there is a replacement for exchange of goods.  The legality of ijab qobul conditions there are three; (a) Do Not in intersperse with other words between ijab qobul, (b) people - the prescribed is run (seller and buyers ) and (c) do not there separated the meaning the seller and buyers still no interaction about ijab qobul. Conditions of the legality of the seller and buyers there are four; (a) reached puberty understanding.   (b) Moslems, this condition specifically for buyers in certain objects objects (c) no objects or items in chairman voterâ (ma›kud alaih) and (d) not wasted (waste), the will of their own and there is no compulsion of the other party. Conditions of the legality of goods sold voterâ there are six; (a) must be holy (b) cannot be not to associate with something (c) cannot be in the limit time (d) its own, (e) can be known (seen), (f) can be known to the quality and the weight. various kinds of selling (business) in Islam, seen from the point of view of the two glass eyes of Islamic law there are two valid and cancel and from the eye of goods there are three (1) selling goods that appear, (2) selling mentioned the pharmacodynamic him in the promise and( 3) selling things that are not there. In Islam in business provide current accounts allow to choose to cancel the marriage of selling (business) called khiar, there are <br />three, namely; (1) khiar, assembly (2) khiar conditions (3) khiar disgrace. The wisdom of selling in Islam; (a) that selling (business) in Islam can be valuable social or helped against each other, will grow berbagain reward, (b) business in Islam is one of the ways to maintain cleanliness and halalnya items eaten for himself and his family, (c) business in Islam is the way to combat laziness, unemployment and extortion to others.

The Gnostic Sects and the Roman Empire

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. C. Frend
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

Two generations of lawyers and historians of the early Church have worked over the scanty evidence bearing on the legal and political relations between the first Christian communities and the Roman Empire. It is not the intention of the present writer to add to the enormous volume of work on the subject. The results of their battles have been ably summarised by A. N. Sherwin-White, and with his conclusions the legal problem may be allowed to rest until new evidence is forthcoming. The object of this paper is to look at the question from another point of view, and to ask who were the sufferers, and in particular, who were martyred in the period before the first general persecution under Decius. Were Polycarp, Justin, Blandina and the rest chance victims of private denunciation and the fury of the mob, or did they represent a tradition of belief in which martyrdom became the climax of earthly life? And what of those who obeyed the precept to flee during persecution? Was their action due to cowardice, or was it the belief that martyrdom was not the will of God? Can we see in the controversy over martyrdom which engaged so much of Tertullian's energies, one more phase in the strife between the orthodox and gnostic concepts of Christianity, on the outcome of which so much in the future of the Church depended? What, in fact, was the relationship between the Gnostics and the Roman authorities?

scholarly journals «Dobrudzhan Catastrophy» as a reflection of Russian-Romanian military-political relations in summer–autumn period of 1916.

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-101
Author(s):  
V. Soloviov
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The South ◽  
Military Aid ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
First World

Romania’s entry into the First World War was considered by Russian military-political leadership primarily from the point of view of its own military interests, without taking into account possible negative consequences and prospects of Russian-Romanian military cooperation. According to General Headquarters' estimations, Romanian army attacks in Transylvania, together with Thessaloniki Allied army actions, were to restrain considerable enemy forces and thus ensured the success of Russian army attacks. At the same time, in spite of the fiercest battles on the SWF, the enemy succeeded in forming two new armies in Transylvania by creating a qualitative and quantitative advantage against the 1st and the 2nd Romanian armies operating at this region. When in mid-September of 1916 the need for direct military assistance to Romanian army became obvious for General Alekseyev, who was the immediate Russian army commander, he did not have enough will to insist on his decision. Thus, the South-Western Front attack, which had lost its military significance by that time, was continued. As a result, the plan of military aid to Romania, embodied by General Headquarters, was essentially defensive, and included only indirect assistance, in the form of limited 9th Russian Army attacks from Northern Moldova, and a slight strengthening of the Dobrudzhan army. In addition to this, the incorrect assessment of the situation, both by Russian and Romanian military forces, was obvious. A long pause in enemy's activity in the south, caused by waiting for reinforcements, and enemy's activity in the north, instilled confidence that the main attack would come from there. As a result, all Romanian reserves from the South were transferred to the North, while the enemy struck in the South in Dobrudzh. When Russian General Headquarters realized the consequences of Chernovody-Constanza railway loss, it simply could not transfer Russian military reserves in time. Thus, the lack of coherence between Russian and Romanian sides and their allies, the pursuit of each side's selfish interests led to the loss of military initiative by the allies in Romania, which was completely transferred to the enemy.

Gabriel Dumont’s Account of the North West Rebellion, 1885

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (s1) ◽  
pp. s108-s129
Author(s):  
George F.G. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
North West ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
The Hill

Good generalship requires imagination in the sense of foreseeing what the probable moves of the enemy may be; good military historiography requires not only imagination but the actual study of the documentary sources on each side. It is well known that military, like diplomatic history, is too often presented only from one point of view. A certain bias is unavoidable when the author is familiar with the movements of an army on one side of the hill but can only guess at those of the enemy on the other; an accurate picture of any war, campaign, or battle cannot be presented by a writer who is limited to the records, official and unofficial, available at one G.H.Q., but has nothing more than the conjectures of Intelligence as to what went on at the other.

BITUMEN IN COASTAL ENGINEERING

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Baron W.F. Van Asbeck
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Coastal Engineering ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
The North ◽  
Predicted Height

Artificial coast protection is required where coasts are subjected to erosion. Where the country is low it will be necessary to build sea-walls where natural protection by dunes is not adequate or is completely lacking. In both cases it may also be necessary to protect the country from further advance of the sea by the construction of groynes and breakwaters where lateral currents cause displacement of granular shore material. From the study of the history of coast lines and the development of their protection it is apparent .that apart from the necessity of construction the governing factors of the constructions are safety and economy, or as the British "Departmental Committee on Coastal Flooding" states in its Terms of Reference, it has "to consider what margin of safety for sea defences would be reasonable and practicable having regard on the one hand to the estimated risks involved and on the other to the cost of protective measures". New methods of approach and execution of technical problems such as improved methods of observations and measurements, the use of laboratory experiments, availability of modern equipment and new materials open a wide scope for more economic construction. On the other hand, however, development in this field has been comparatively slow because the consequences of failures oblige the responsible engineer only to alter the traditional design step by step in accordance with progress made in the scientific analysis of the destructive forces of waves and of the properties of the new building materials. The need for investigation is sometimes accentuated by a disaster such as was recently caused by the storm surge of January/February 1953 when on the East Coast of England the observed height of the water-level reached a record of 6 ft. or more than the predicted height according to the astronomical conditions for a continuous period of 15 hours as against 5 hours for former surges. In Holland a water level of 75 cm« above the highest ever recorded level was reached on some sea-walls, causing overtopping of waves. Reports by the "Delta Commissie" in Holland and the "Waverley Committee" in England as well as Papers read on the North Sea Floods for The Institution of Civil Engineers, London, and the Koninklijk Instituut van Ingenieurs, The Hague, deal with the subject adequately. In dealing with coast defence schemes it should be borne in mind that for low lying countries designs should not only be limited to artificial works for direct protection of beacheis, sea walls and dunes. Consideration should also be given to works for reducing areas liable to flooding by overtopping of or breaches in sea-walls or by damage to dunes. In such instances a "second line defence" can be usefully suggested with cross banks to divide the areas in bays or compartments. If these cross banks carry access roads,connecting the inland centres with the sea defence works, they will certainly facilitate communications before and during storms and operations for restoring conditions after storms. In all these works bitumen can be applied to advantage for the protection of beaches, sea walls, dunes and banks as well as for road construction and maintenance works. The use of bitumen in coastal engineering is, of course, also based on practice and theory gained from other civil engineering fields, such as road construction and the building industry. The properties of bitumen and bituminous compounds have first been gradually developed to their present standards in these fields and this knowledge has facilitated the scientific and practical approach of the application of bitumen in sea defence works. In this paper the problem is only described from a practical point of view. After dealing with various aspects of the design of coastal works pertaining to the use of bitumen, a short review is given of the most important types, methods of application and properties of bituminous constructions and finally a number of representative examples of each of the types of application is given.

Clientelism, Law and Politics. Considerations in the Light of the Argentine Case

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The One ◽  
Empirical Approaches

AbstractThe purpose of this article is, on the one hand, to explain what clientelism is through a description of its characteristics in its current Argentinean form. On the other hand, it will evaluate clientelism from a legal and political point of view. In order to achieve these purposes, we will distinguish clientelism from legitimate politics, and then offer a critical evaluation in case there were any differences. Regarding the first objective, it will be necessary to resort to some kind of canonical definition, broad enough to grasp different clientelistic phenomena. Then, it will be possible to explain its Argentinean particularities, noting that it happens to be a specially interesting kind of clientelism because of its refinement and breadth. As to the second objective, we will oppose to the reasoning that equates clientelism and legitimate types of political action. We will argue that ordinary politics is different and that, in fact, this difference turns clientelism illegitimate. Criticism against clientelism may include empirical approaches but, as these only show deficiencies of a particular public policy, they lack the ability to be extended to other cases. Alternative criticism may be more interesting, but it will necessarily be weaker as it may only reveal a model of citizens and political relations upon which clientelism is grounded.

Rethinking democracy in times of crises: Towards a pragmatist approach to the geographies of emerging publics

2021 ◽  
pp. 053901842110071
Author(s):  
Benno Fladvad
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Public Spheres ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Global Democracy ◽  
The North ◽  
Democratic Action ◽  
The One

How do societies respond to ‘super wicked’ problems that often occur at very large spatial and temporal scales? On the one hand, there exists a tendency to conceive of liberal democracy as inconvenient, inflexible and as incapable of dealing with complex and elusive issues such as climate change or questions of environmental injustice. On the other, these issues have given rise to manifold ‘emerging public spheres’ inside and outside existing democratic institutions. Since both of these tendencies refer to the idea of sustainability, this contribution discusses the relationships between different future trajectories of sustainability and democracy in particular with regards to their inherent spatialities. Building on this, and following the works of contemporary political theorists and human geographers, it suggests conceptualizing democracy from a pragmatist point of view as coined by the North American philosopher John Dewey. In doing so, it becomes possible to reframe democracy in the Anthropocene and to conceive of it as an ever-evolving phenomenon of problem-solving communities that convene around different issues of shared concern. This perspective allows thinking beyond theorizations of global democracy, in favor of a democratic model that shows openness for social complexity and uncertainty and which accepts that the spaces of democratic action are not given from the outset but that they are brought into being by the emerging publics themselves.

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