PORTABLE SAND FILTER FOR SMALL DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

PORTABLE SAND FILTER FOR SMALL DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS CLEOMAR FERREIRA DE OLIVEIRA1; MARCONI BATISTA TEIXEIRA2*; ADRIANA RAMOS3; RENATO MOREIRA DA SILVA4; PEDRO HENRIQUE PINTO RIBEIRO5 E JOSÉ ANTÔNIO FRIZZONE6 1 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Dr. IFMinas Gerais - Campus Muzambinho, MG.2 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Dr. IFGoiano - Campus Rio Verde, GO. *E-mail: [email protected] Engenheira Agrônoma, Profa. Dra. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz – Ilhéus, BA.4 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, LEB - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP.5 Tecnólogo em Irrigação e Drenagem, Doutorando, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, UNESP/FCA, Botucatu, SP.6 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Titular, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, LEB - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP. 1 ABSTRACT Filters in drip irrigation systems are fundamental to ensure effective control of water quality and to reduce clogging of emitters. Current study aims at constructing a low cost portable sand filter for small localized irrigation systems (up to 1.0 ha) and at determining its head loss due to flow. Tests were carried out in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Biosystems Engineering Department of Agriculture School “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo. Magnetic-induction Conaut Krohne model IFS 4000 w/6 with IFC 090 D signal convert of discharge, reading range between 0 and 90 m3.h-1 and 99% precision, was used for flow rate measurements. Pressure loss at each observation point was determined indirectly by two differential pressure gauges with a mercury column. A set of 20 flow readings was performed in three replications. Results showed that maximum filter discharge complied with ASAE guidelines and the cost of materials for manufacture of the filter was U$ 382.15. Linear mathematical model adequately describes the loss of pressure of the sand filter due to flow variation. Rates of minimum and maximum flow recommended range between 0.0257 m3.h-1 and 0.556 m3.h-1, and thus may satisfy small trickle irrigation projects. Keywords: Filtration, water quality, head loss, flow rate.

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Design and Testing of a Low-Cost and Low-Maintenance Drip Irrigation Filtration System for Micro-Irrigation in Developing Countries

Volume 4: 19th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference; 8th International Conference on Micro- and Nanosystems ◽

10.1115/detc2014-35351 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Alison Greenlee ◽

Timothy Murray ◽

Victor Lesniewski ◽

Mark Jeunnette ◽

Amos G. Winter

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Pressure Loss ◽

Low Cost ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Pressure Losses ◽

Filtration System ◽

Cartridge Filter ◽

Micro Irrigation ◽

Design And Testing

The cylindrical filters presently used in <1000 m2 drip irrigation systems are frequently clogged, increasing pressure loss and lowering the flow rate through the filters. This work investigates the mechanisms for this clogging and proposes an alternative filtration design that would enable both more reliable and lower maintenance filtering. This proposed system is compatible with existing drip irrigation systems and could be made inexpensively with plastic bottle manufacturing equipment. To compare the proposed design to off-the-shelf options, a drip irrigation test setup was built to measure the pressure loss across different filters as particles accumulated. These experiments confirmed that pleated cartridge filters, with high effective surface area, incurred lower pressure losses than cylindrical filters. These tests revealed that the greatest reason for clogged performance was that filtered particles (not the cartridge filter itself) eventually restricted the flow of water through the system. This inspired the redesign of the filter housing such that the housing extended far below the filter, providing a catch basin away from the filter for the particles to settle. Fixing the filter independently of the bottom casing significantly improved the overall performance of the filtration system, reduced the maintenance requirement necessary from the user, and would enable inexpensive manufacturing via blow molding. This paper experimentally demonstrates that the cartridge filter inside the redesigned housing can filter out over 2 kg of sand while maintaining less than a .03 bar pressure drop across the filter at a flow rate of 25 l/s.

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Problems Associated with Particulate Matter in Water Reuse for Agricultural Irrigation and Their Prevention

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1986.0090 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 185-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. Adin

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Sprinkler Irrigation ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Chemical Precipitation ◽

Surface Irrigation ◽

Irrigation Systems

Methods of irrigation are reviewed, including surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation, and the problems of these systems with regard to the quality of the water used are described. Surface irrigation does not suffer much from water quality problems, but both sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation systems are more affected, the main problem being clogging of pumps, pipes and orifices. Clogging is usually due to a combination of suspended matter, chemical precipitation and biological growth. Current solutions through water treatment, and associated problems with this, are described, with examples given of typical strainers and filters. The key to the solution of clogging problems is a proper match between water quality of the source and within the distribution system, and the type ot treatment to be used, therefore, proper water quality monitoring is recommended. Direct granular filtration is the most preferaDle treatment process for drip irrigation systems.

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Management, Maintenance, and Water Quality Effects on the Long-term Performance of Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/2013.40633 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 969-978 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. Enciso-Medina ◽

W. L. Multer ◽

F. R. Lamm

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Subsurface Drip ◽

Long Term Performance ◽

Term Performance

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Influence of Topographic Resolution and Accuracy on Hydraulic Channel Flow Simulations: Case Study of the Versilia River (Italy)

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs11131630 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (13) ◽

pp. 1630 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Luppichini ◽

Favalli ◽

Isola ◽

Nannipieri ◽

Giannecchini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Channel Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Low Cost ◽

Maximum Flow ◽

Maximum Flow Rate ◽

Differential Gps ◽

Basic Model ◽

Hydraulic Channel ◽

Elevation Model

The Versilia plain, a well-known and populated tourist area in northwestern Tuscany, is historically subject to floods. The last hydrogeological disaster of 1996 resulted in 13 deaths and in loss worth hundreds of millions of euros. A valid management of the hydraulic and flooding risks of this territory is therefore mandatory. A 7.5 km-long stretch of the Versilia River was simulated in one-dimension using river cross-sections with the FLO-2D Basic model. Simulations of the channel flow and of its maximum flow rate under different input conditions highlight the key role of topography: uncertainties in the topography introduce much larger errors than the uncertainties in roughness. The best digital elevation model (DEM) available for the area, a 1-m light detection and ranging (LiDAR) DEM dating back to 2008–2010, does not reveal all the hydraulic structures (e.g., the 40 cm thick embankment walls), lowering the maximum flow rate to only 150 m3/s, much lower than the expected value of 400 m3/s. In order to improve the already existing input topography, three different possibilities were considered: (1) to add the embankment walls to the LiDAR data with a targeted Differential GPS (DGPS) survey, (2) to acquire the cross section profiles necessary for simulation with a targeted DGPS survey, and (3) to achieve a very high resolution topography using structure from motion techniques (SfM) from images acquired using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The simulations based on all these options deliver maximum flow rates in agreement with estimated values. Resampling of the 10 cm cell size SfM-DSM allowed us to investigate the influence of topographic resolution on hydraulic channel flow, demonstrating that a change in the resolution from 30 to 50 cm alone introduced a 10% loss in the maximum flow rate. UAV-SfM-derived DEMs are low cost, relatively fast, very accurate, and they allow for the monitoring of the channel morphology variations in real time and to keep the hydraulic models updated, thus providing an excellent tool for managing hydraulic and flooding risks.

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Validation of an Analytical Model to Lower the Cost of Solar-Powered Drip Irrigation Systems for Smallholder Farmers in the Mena Region

Volume 11B: 46th Design Automation Conference (DAC) ◽

10.1115/detc2020-22610 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fiona Grant ◽

Carolyn Sheline ◽

Susan Amrose ◽

Elizabeth Brownell ◽

Vinay Nangia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drip Irrigation ◽

Life Cycle Cost ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Low Cost ◽

Irrigation Schedule ◽

Field Trials ◽

Small Scale ◽

Mena Region ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Solar Powered

Abstract Drip irrigation is a micro-irrigation technology that has been shown to conserve water and significantly increase crop yield. This technology could be particularly beneficial to the world’s estimated 500 million smallholder farmers, but drip systems tend to be financially inaccessible to this population. Drip systems require costly components including a pipe network, emitters, a pump and power system. Due to limited access to electricity, many smallholder farmers would require off-grid solutions. Designing reliable, low cost, off-grid drip irrigation systems for smallholder farms could significantly reduce the barrier to adoption. This paper builds on an integrated solar-powered drip irrigation model that was shown to improve upon an existing software. Field trials of the small-scale drip system were conducted on research farms in Jordan and Morocco for a full growing season. Data collected from these field trials are used to validate the hydraulics portion of the systems-level model. In addition, the insights gained from the field trials were formed into design requirements for future iterations of the model. These include optimizing for the system life cycle cost, as opposed to capital cost, the ability to simulate the system operation over a season, the capability to input a user’s irrigation schedule, incorporating locally-available components, and incorporating a system reliability constraint based on more detailed agronomic calculations.

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PERDA DE CARGA EM FITAS GOTEJADORAS COM EMISSORES MOLDADOS

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2019v1n1p86-93 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 86-93

Author(s):

Verônica Gaspar Martins Leite de Melo ◽

Leonardo Leite de Melo ◽

José Antônio Frizzone ◽

Antônio Pires de Camargo ◽

Patricia Angélica Alves Marques

Keyword(s):

Friction Factor ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Pressure Head ◽

Head Loss ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Relative Errors ◽

E Mail ◽

Pipe Inlet

PERDA DE CARGA EM FITAS GOTEJADORAS COM EMISSORES MOLDADOS VERÔNICA GASPAR MARTINS LEITE DE MELO1; LEONARDO LEITE DE MELO2; JOSÉ ANTÔNIO FRIZZONE3; antônio pires de camargo4 E patricia algélica alves marques5 1 Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Agrícola, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádias, 11, São Dimas, CEP13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Agrícola, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádias, 11, São Dimas, CEP13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Agrícola, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádias, 11, São Dimas, CEP13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected] 4 Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola – UNICAMP, Av. Cândido Rondon, 501, Cidade Universitária, CEP 13083 - 875, Campinas, SP, e-mail: [email protected] 5 Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Agrícola, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádias, 11, São Dimas, CEP13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected] 1 RESUMO Embora as fitas gotejadoras sejam de baixo custo, é importante que esse material seja avaliado hidraulicamente para prover informações técnicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a perda contínua de carga e o fator de atrito em uma fita gotejadora com emissor moldado em seu interior. O experimento foi conduzido no laboratório de irrigação da ESALQ/USP. Utilizou-se a fita gotejadora Rain-Tape® fabricada pela Rain Bird®, espessura de parede de 225 µm e emissores tipo labirinto, espaçados de 0,30 m, vazão nominal de 1 L h-1 e pressão de serviço de 55 kPa. A equação de perda de carga para regime de escoamento turbulento liso em função da vazão e da carga de pressão na entrada da fita apresenta boa habilidade para estimar a perda de carga em fitas gotejadoras com emissores moldados, sendo que 95% das estimativas apresentaram erro relativo de até 6,71%. A equação de Darcy-Weisbach pode ser utilizada para o cálculo da perda de carga desde que o diâmetro seja substituído por uma função da pressão de entrada. Para o cálculo da perda de carga, utilizando a equação de Darcy-Weisbach, o fator de atrito calculado pela equação de Blasius deve considerar um coeficiente a = 0,3408. Palavras-chave: irrigação por gotejamento, perda de carga por atrito, fator de atrito MELO, V. G. M. L. de; MELO, L. M. de; FRIZZONE, J. A.; CAMARGO, A. P. de; MARQUES, P. A. A. HEAD LOSS IN DRIP TAPES WITH MOLDED EMITTERS 2 ABSTRACT Although drip tapes are low-cost equipment, proper hydraulic evaluation is important to provide information required for irrigation system design. The aim of this study was to analyze the friction head loss and the friction factor in drip tapes with molded emitters, that are employed in drip irrigation systems. Experiments evaluated the drip tape model Rain-Tape®, manufactured by Rain Bird, 225-µm wall thickness, labyrinth-type emitters, 0.30-m emitters spacing, 1 L h-1 nominal discharge and operating pressure of 55 kPa. The following conclusions were obtained: (a) the equation of head loss for smooth turbulent flow as a function of flow rate and pressure head at the pipe inlet provided good predictions of head loss in drip tapes with molded emitters, since 95% of predictions presented relative errors less than 6.71%; (b) the Darcy-Weisbach equation may be used for calculating head loss, but the pipe diameter must be replaced by a function considering the lateral inlet pressure; (c) for calculating head loss of the Rain-Tape using the Darcy-Weisbach equation, the friction factor obtained by the Blasius equation should use the coefficient a = 0.3408. Keywords: drip irrigation, frictional head loss, friction coefficient

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Local head loss caused in connections used in micro-irrigation systems

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n7p492-498 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (7) ◽

pp. 492-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wagner W. Á. Bombardelli ◽

Antonio P. de Camargo ◽

José A. Frizzone ◽

Rogério Lavanholi ◽

Hermes S. da Rocha

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Head Loss ◽

International Standards ◽

Flow Conditions ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Head Losses ◽

Satisfactory Performance ◽

Head Loss Coefficient ◽

Micro Irrigation ◽

The One

ABSTRACT Information about local head loss caused by connections employed in micro-irrigation systems is hard to be found in literature. The objective of this research was to experimentally determine the local head losses in connections commonly used in micro-irrigation and propose mathematical models using the theorem of Buckingham. The methodology of tests was based on international standards. The tests were carried out under controlled inlet pressure, at 150 kPa, and five to ten units of each connection model were tested. The curves relating flow and head losses were drawn based on 15 flow conditions, obtained under increase and decrease of flow rate. For each condition, 30 points were collected resulting in a sample size of 900 points in each test. For each connection model evaluated, the following information was obtained: curves of local head loss as a function of flow rate and of local head loss coefficient (KL). The obtained values of KL ranged from 2.72 to 24.16, which become constant for Reynolds number higher than 10,000. The sensitivity of the coefficient related to a ratio of the internal sections in the connections was also verified. The flow exponents presented values close to the one applied by the Darcy-Weisbach equation (m = 2). The models developed for the connections presented a satisfactory performance.

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Head loss in laser-perforated thin-walled polyethylene pipes for irrigation

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n5p317-323 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 317-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Verônica G. M. L. de Melo ◽

José A. Frizzone ◽

Antonio P. de Camargo ◽

Wagner W. Á. Bombardelli

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Pressure Head ◽

Head Loss ◽

Internal Diameter ◽

Thin Wall ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Polyethylene Pipes ◽

Flexible Pipes ◽

Thin Walled

ABSTRACT For reducing fixed and operational costs in pressurized irrigation systems, thin-walled polyethylene pipes with laser-perforated orifices are manufactured to operate under low pressure (up to 100 kPa). Hydraulic characterization of these materials is essential for designing irrigation systems. Considering the material elasticity and the thin wall thickness (about 200 μm), the internal diameter of these pipes may vary according to the operating pressure, resulting in changes of head losses. The purpose of this study was to analyze the head loss in flexible pipes with laser-perforated orifices, and to estimate the maximum length of laterals based on criteria of water distribution uniformity. Non-perforated pipe samples were tested to obtain equations of friction loss. Equations were fitted as a function of flow rate and pressure head at the pipe inlet, and, alternatively, the Darcy-Weisbach equation was modified considering the diameter expressed as a power-law function of pressure head. The equation of head loss as a function of flow rate and pressure head provided proper estimations and considered effects related to changes in the diameter of plastic pipes due to variations in the pressure head. The Darcy-Weisbach equation can be employed for estimating head loss in flexible pipes, whose diameter varies due to pressure, but the diameter must be calculated as a function of the pressure head at the lateral inlet.

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