scholarly journals UNIFORMIDADE DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR ASPERSORES COMPENSANTES E NÃO COMPENSANTES EM DIFERENTES ALTURAS

Irriga ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Tomoyoshi Tamagi ◽  
Miguel Angel Uribe Opazo ◽  
Jerry Adriani Johann ◽  
Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas
Keyword(s):  
Control Charts ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Statistical Control ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Caixa Postal

UNIFORMIDADE DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR ASPERSORES COMPENSANTES E NÃO COMPENSANTES EM DIFERENTES ALTURAS  JORGE TOMOYOSHI TAMAGI1; MIGUEL ANGEL URIBE-OPAZO2; JERRY ADRIANI JOHANN2 E MARCIO ANTONIO VILAS BOAS2 1 Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Doutorando em Engenharia Agrícola no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola – PGEAGRI. Rua Universitária, 2069 – Jd. Universitário – Caixa Postal 711 – CEP 85819-110 – Cascavel – PR, e-mail: [email protected] UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel – PR, professores e pesquisadores do PGEAGRI, e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected].  1 RESUMO Este trabalho tem como finalidade contribuir para o desenvolvimento de técnicas adequadas para avaliação de sistemas de irrigação por aspersão, considerando que a uniformidade de distribuição da água afeta diretamente a lâmina bruta de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido na região Norte de Cascavel, Paraná, (24º 55’ 04” latitude Sul, 53º 28’ 31” longitude Oeste e altitude de 785 m). Foram utilizadas duas parcelas de 10 x 10 m, denominadas S1 e S2, modificando-se somente a altura dos aspersores de 1,5 m para 1,0 m, respectivamente. Em cada parcela foram instalados 100 coletores, 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, compensante e, após 32 ensaios, foram substituídos por 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, não compensante. Foram determinados os seguintes coeficientes: Uniformidade de Christiansen, Uniformidade de Distribuição e Uniformidade Estatístico. Foram realizados estudos de inferência estatística e criadas cartas de controle para a análise do controle estatístico do processo, além dos índices de capacidade de processo (Cp) e desempenho do processo (Cpk). Os resultados mostraram que o aspersor compensante apresentou melhor desempenho à altura de 1,5 m (C-1,5 m) e que, entre as alturas de 1,0 m e 1,5 m, as melhores uniformidades de distribuição de água ocorreram na altura de 1,5 m. Palavras-chave: inferência estatística; cartas de controle; capacidade de processo.  TAMAGI, J. T.; URIBE-OPAZO, M. A.; JOHANN J. A.; VILAS BOAS, M. A. IRRIGATION WATER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY BY COMPENSATING AND NON-COMPENSATING SPRINKLERS AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS  2 ABSTRACT The uniformity of water application is an important factor to be considered in the assessment of sprinkler irrigation systems, since it directly affects gross irrigation depth, This work is a contribution for the development of appropriate techniques for assessment of results to improve the system. This trial was conducted  in the Northern region of Cascavel-PR (24º 55' 04" S, 53º 28' 31" W). Two 10 x 10 m plots were used and described as S1 and S2, according to the heights’ change of sprinklers, from 1.5 to 1.0 m, respectively. There were 100 collectors in each plot, plus 4 Super 10-blue-nozzle pressure compensating sprinklers, and, after 32 essays, they were replaced by 4 Super 10-blue-nozzle non pressure compensating sprinklers. The following coefficients were determined: Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC), coefficient of uniformity of distribution (CUD) and statistical uniformity coefficient (SUC). Statistical inference studies were carried out and control charts were generated to analyze the statistical control of the process, as well as Cp and Cpk indices. The results showed the best performance with the pressure compensating sprinklers irrigation at 1.5 m high (C-1.5 m) and that among the 1.0 m and 1.5 m heights the best water distribution uniformity was with the 1.5 m height. Keywords: Statistical analysis; Control Charts; Process Capacity.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE WATER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY AND IRRIGATION DEPTH ON THE YIELD OF IRRIGATED BEAN CROP

Irriga ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everardo C. Mantovani ◽  
Gregório G. Faccioli ◽  
Brauliro Gonçalves Leal ◽  
Antonio Alves Soares ◽  
Luis Claudio Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
Bean Crop

INFLUENCE OF THE WATER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY AND IRRIGATION DEPTH ON THE YIELD OF IRRIGATED BEAN CROP  Everardo C. Mantovani1; Gregório G. Faccioli2; Brauliro Gonçalves Leal3;Antônio Alves Soares1; Luis Cláudio Costa1; Paulo Sérgio L. Freitas4 1Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG [email protected]úcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas do Nordeste, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, SE3Intec Consultoria e Assessoria Ltda, Viçosa, MG4Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR  1 ABSCTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the water distribution uniformity and three irrigation depths on the production variables for the bean crop, using a conventional sprinkler irrigation system, during the winter season. The treatments consisted of three irrigation depths and two uniformity levels of water distribution represented by the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC). In the treatments L1A and L1B a sufficient water depth was applied to raise the soil water content to field capacity. The distribution uniformities (CUCs) were higher and lower than 80%, respectively. In treatments L2A and L3A, and L2B and L3B, the applied water depths corresponded to 50% and 150% of that applied to the LIA treatment. Because of rainfall events until the sampling date, no significant differences at 5% probability were found among treatments, when the variables were: leaf number, leaf area and dry matter. The F test for the contrast among the treatments with high and low uniformity was significant at 5% probability, when using 50% replacement of the water depth required by the crop. Significant differences were observed at 5% probability for pod number per plant among the treatments, when using 150, 100 and 50% replacement of the water depth required by the crop KEYWORDS: irrigation uniformity, sprinkler irrigation, yield.  MANTOVANI, E. C.; FACCIOLI, G. G.; LEAL, B. G.; SOARES,A. A.; COSTA, L. C.; FREITAS, P. S. L. INFLUÊNCIA DA UNIFORMIDADE DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA E LÂMINA DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA PRODUTIVIDADE DO FEIJÃO  2 RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da uniformidade de distribuição de água e de três lâminas de irrigação nas variáveis de produção da cultura do feijão, utilizando um sistema de aspersão convencional, no período de inverno. Os tratamentos constaram de três lâminas de irrigação e dois níveis de uniformidade de distribuição de água, representados pelo coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC). Nos tratamentos L1A e L1B foi aplicada uma lâmina de água suficiente para elevar a umidade do solo à capacidade de campo, com uniformidade de distribuição (CUC) maior e menor que 80%, respectivamente. Nos tratamentos L2A e L3A, e L2B e L3B as lâminas aplicadas foram, respectivamente, 50% e 150% da lâmina aplicada no tratamento L1A. Não existiram diferenças significativas, a 5% de probabilidade, nos tratamentos para seguintes variáveis: número de folhas, área foliar e matéria seca, em razão das chuvas ocorridas até a data da amostragem. O teste F para o contraste entre os tratamentos de alta e baixa uniformidade com 50% de reposição da lâmina requerida pela cultura foi significativo a 5% de probabilidade. Observou-se diferenças significativas, a 5% de probabilidade entre os tratamentos com 150, 100 e 50% de reposição da lâmina requerida pela cultura, para o número de vagens por planta. UNITERMOS: Uniformidade de irrigação, irrigação por aspersão, produtividade.

scholarly journals Determining the deficit coefficient as a function of irrigation depth and distribution uniformity

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everardo C. Mantovani ◽  
Gregório G. Faccioli ◽  
Brauliro G. Leal ◽  
Luis C. Costa ◽  
Antônio A. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
Bean Crop

The present study aimed at the development of the water deficit coefficient as a function of the Christiansen uniformity coefficient and relationship between the applied water depth and that required by a given crop, taking into account that the water distribution by the sprinkler follows a normal distribution. Another objective was to compare the experimental results to those obtained through simulation with the Mantovani model. For this, the water deficit coefficients developed in this work were used, as well as the simplified coefficient that takes into account the water distribution by the sprinkler following a uniform distribution, and finally the development of the production functions for the bean crop by using the Mantovani model. The production values simulated by the model, using the normal deficit coefficient, were always less than those simulated with the uniform deficit coefficient for all uniformity levels and all values of the crop's maximum evapotranspiration fraction restored by other sources (p). Under the conditions that this study was carried out, the use of the water deficit coefficient based on the normal distribution model did not provide a better performance of the simulation model proposed by Mantovani.

scholarly journals Sustainable Water Resources Using Corner Pivot Lateral, A Novel Sprinkler Irrigation System Layout for Small Scale Farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Rad ◽  
Lei Gan ◽  
Xiaobing Chen ◽  
Shaohong You ◽  
Liangliang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
System Component ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Can Technique ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
And Control

Sprinkler irrigation systems are widely used in medium and large scale farms in different forms. However less types are available to apply in small farms due to their high costs. The current study was done according to a novel cost effective design for a semi-permanent sprinkler irrigation system for small farm owners. The new layout known as Corner Pivot Lateral (CPL) was examined in irrigation test center at Lijian Scientific and Technological Demonstration Park, at Nanning city, China. CPL was implemented without a main/sub mainline pipe, by applying a single pivoting lateral at the corner of the plot that directly connected to the resource to convey water from the pump. The lateral moves around the corner using a rotating elbow in a quadrant pattern manually to cover the entire farm. A conventional semi-permanent system was applied for the same farm as reference. A cost analysis on the required components as well as annual operational costs was carried out for comparison and control. Results showed that a lower system component would be needed for the CPL method. Overall, more than a 15% capital cost reduction with 7% annual cost decrement was achieved for CPL in this experiment comparatively. The Catch can technique was applied to examine the CPL system’s efficiency and 79% water distribution uniformity around the sprinkler was obtained. This new method can encourage small estate holders to switch from traditional to pressurized systems which optimizes water application costs.

scholarly journals Effect of Pulsating Pressure on Water Distribution and Application Uniformity for Sprinkler Irrigation on Sloping Land

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Boyang Fu ◽  
Naiwang Ren ◽  
Yu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Sloping Land ◽  
Distribution Uniformity

Crops are highly susceptible to drought in sloping land. Due to its good adaptability to complex terrain, sprinkler irrigation is one of the commonly used methods for sloping land. To improve water application uniformity for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land, an experiment was conducted on an artificial slope to determine the effects of pulsating versus constant pressure on sprinkler flow rate, radius of throw, water distribution pattern, and water application uniformity. Compared with sprinkler flow rate and water distribution uniformity at constant pressure, sprinkler flow rate was not reduced, but water distribution uniformity for a single sprinkler was improved due to the decreased uphill throw, downhill throw and the ratio of downhill throw to uphill throw at pulsating pressure. The Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) value of water distribution for a single sprinkler at pulsating pressure was about 10% higher than that of constant pressure. When water distribution of single sprinkler overlapped with rectangular arrangement, CU values for pulsating pressure were on average 4.06% higher than those for constant pressure with different sprinkler spacings. Thus, pulsating pressure is recommended for use in sprinkler irrigation on sloping land to improve water application uniformity.

scholarly journals Estimation of production consistency of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis components of the DTP vaccine using Shewhart charts

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-265
Author(s):  
I. A. Alekseeva ◽  
O. V. Perelygina ◽  
E. D. Kolyshkina
Keyword(s):  
Control Charts ◽  
Large Population ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Statistical Control ◽  
Technological Processes ◽  
Shewhart Control ◽  
Dtp Vaccine ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shewhart Charts

The Russian Federation puts special emphasis on vaccination-related issues, in accordance with the WHO recommendations. The fact that vaccination, in particular with the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTP vaccine), covers large population groups, accounts for the relevance of research aimed at improving the quality of vaccines. One of the ways to produce vaccines of assured quality is to maintain consistent manufacturing processes that ensure consistency of product characteristics. The stability of the technological processes may be assessed using Shewhart charts. The aim of the study was to assess the production consistency of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis components of DTP vaccine using Shewhart control charts. Materials and methods: the study used data from 60 batch summary protocols of a Russian-produced DTP vaccine that were submitted to the Testing Centre of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products from September 2017 until April 2020. The study assessed one of the main vaccine quality characteristics—specific (protective) activity of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis components. Shewhart charts for the diphtheria and tetanus components were constructed based on the manufacturer’s summary protocols, while Shewhart charts for the pertussis component were constructed based on both summary protocols and the results obtained by the Testing Centre during certification of the product batches. The Shewhart charts were used in accordance with the national standards GOST R 50779.42-99 and GOST R ISO 7870-2-2015. Results: a retrospective analysis of R- and X-charts covering a 2.5-year period revealed some characteristic trends in special-cause criteria. The most alarming situation was observed for the production of the diphtheria component. The technological processes were somewhat safer in the case of the tetanus and pertussis components. The production process lacked due statistical control, which is confirmed by the lack of correlation between the results of the pertussis component activity assessment obtained by the manufacturer and the Testing Centre. Conclusions: during the analysed period, the production of the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis components of the DTP vaccine was not always consistent. This highlights the need to conduct research aimed at standardisation of both production processes and control test conditions.

scholarly journals Modeling and Dynamic-Simulating the Water Distribution of a Fixed Spray-Plate Sprinkler on a Lateral-Move Sprinkler Irrigation System

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisheng Zhang ◽  
Jinjun Guo ◽  
Bin Sun ◽  
Hongyuan Fang ◽  
Delan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Superposition Method ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient

Uniformity of water distribution plays an important role in evaluating irrigation quality. As necessities in calculating irrigation uniformity during designing a lateral-move sprinkler irrigation system (LMSIS), the water distribution patterns of individual sprinkler in motion are crucial. Considering the limitation of the experiment platform, dynamic water distribution of an isolated sprinkler is difficult to measure, especially for a fixed spray plate sprinkler (FSPS) which LMSIS has been widely equipped with in China, therefore developing a model to simulate dynamic water distribution of a moving sprinkler is necessary. The objective of this study was to develop and validate the theoretical basis for calculating water distribution characteristics of a single FSPS in translational motion applying a superposition method, and provide an optimized operation management of LMSIS. The theoretical model’s validity was verified in an indoor experiment using a Nelson D3000 FSPS in motion with 36 grooves and blue-plate spray heads. The software was programmed using the Eclipse Platform and the software was capable of simulating water distribution pattern and Christiansen uniformity coefficient (Cu). The results indicated that the water distribution simulated by the software presents three peaks of maximum application under varying conditions, and the value of water application peaks decreased as working pressure and/or mounting height increased. Conversely, the wetted diameter increased as working pressure and/or mounting height increased. Working pressure, mounting height, and sprinkler spacing each had a significant effect on the Cu. The Cu increased as working pressure and/or mounting height increased but decreased as sprinkler spacing increased. As a consequence, the model can be used to predict the relative water distribution pattern; and the Cu can be calculated with the simulated data, thus providing a tool for designing a new LMSIS.

scholarly journals Water Distribution Uniformity in Driping System Under Growing Pressures

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
JHONATAN PIAZENTIN ◽  
João Luis Zocoler ◽  
Camila Pires Cremasco ◽  
Alfredo Bonini Neto ◽  
Luís Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Cost Reductions ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Distribution Uniformity

Increasing water use efficiency in agricultural systems is critical as it results in economic and environmental cost reductions, especially in localized irrigation, which depends on a number of factors, especially the flow rate of the emitters and proper uniformity of water distribution, both with respect to direct with the pressure of the emitters For this evaluation the use of coefficients of water uniformity, it is essential to indicate the best wetness management. The experiment was carried out in the Irrigation laboratory, in a test stand, using Christiansen uniformity coefficient - CUC, distribution uniformity coefficient - CUD and statistical uniformity coefficient - CUE. In the irrigation line, four pressures on the drip emitter (5, 10, 15 and 20 mca) were applied. The pressure variations obtained did not reduce the efficiency of the uniformity of water distribution by the drip system, falling into high efficiency ranges for all evaluated coefficients, representing adequate wetting rates.

scholarly journals Assessment of Field Water Uniformity Distribution in a Microirrigation System using a SCADA System

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solé-Torres ◽  
Duran-Ros ◽  
Arbat ◽  
Pujol ◽  
Ramírez de Cartagena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supervisory Control ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation Performance ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Scada System ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

Microirrigation is an efficient irrigation technique, although when wastewater is used the probability of operation problems such as emitter clogging increases. In most of microirrigation systems, control of irrigation performance is manual and sporadic, therefore clogging problems may not be detected at the right time. As it is easier to prevent emitter clogging if it is detected earlier, close monitoring of pressure and flow rates in microirrigation systems is an important way to achieve microirrigation system requirements and accomplish higher irrigation efficiencies. A supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system was used to monitor and control the performance of three microirrigation subunits; each one with four laterals, 90 m long with 226 emitters. The SCADA system monitored the pressure and flow across the irrigation laterals, and distribution uniformity coefficients were determined in real time, as they are indexes commonly used for evaluating drip irrigation systems. Results were compared with those experimentally obtained, showing a good correlation; although the emitter position had an important effect on the computed values. This work shows that a SCADA system can be easily used to continuously assess the pressure and water distribution uniformity without carrying out time-consuming manual field assessments.

scholarly journals Calidad del riego por aspersión subfoliar en cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la finca San Vicente, Los Ríos, Ecuador

2018 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Juan Tandazo Garcés ◽  
Oscar Caicedo Camposano ◽  
Carlos Salas Macías ◽  
Viviana Sánchez Vásquez
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Coefficient Distribution ◽  
High Uniformity ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Quality of subfoliar sprinkler irrigation in Theobroma Cacao L. in San Vicente farm, Los Ríos, Ecuador Resumen Se realizó la evaluación del manejo de un sistema de riego por aspersión subfoliar en el cultivo de cacao, en donde el objetivo fue valorar su comportamiento hidráulico. Se estudiaron tres presiones de trabajo de los aspersores en cinco módulos del sistema. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: presiones al inicio y final de los laterales de riego, caudales en esos mismos sitios, coeficiente de uniformidad de Christiansen, uniformidad de distribución y área regada adecuadamente. Los resultados indican que existe una variación de presión y caudal por encima de lo teórico (20% y 10%). Se evidenció que altos coeficientes de uniformidad no representan la mayor área regada adecuadamente. Las presiones de trabajo estudiadas en los aspersores aseguran altos coeficientes de uniformidad del riego, no obstante, si lo que se desea es alcanzar la mayor área adecuadamente regada se debe operar a 275,79 kPa. Palabras claves: caudal; uniformidad; presión de trabajo. Abstract The evaluation of the management of a subfoliar sprinkler irrigation system in the cocoa crop was carried out, where the objective was to evaluate its hydraulic behavior. Three working pressures of the sprinklers were studied in five modules of the system. The parameters evaluated were: pressures at the beginning and end of the irrigation sides flow at those same sites, Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient, Distribution Uniformity and Adequately Irrigated Area. The results indicate that there is a variation of pressure and flow above the theoretical, that is, of 20% and 10%. It was evidenced that high uniformity coefficients do not represent the largest area irrigated adequately. The work pressures studied in the sprinklers ensure high coefficients of uniformity of irrigation, however, if what is desired is to reach the largest area adequately irrigated, it should be operated at 275.79 kPa. Keywords: flow; uniformity; pressure head.

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