scholarly journals SCREENING IN SPACE: RICH AND POOR CONSUMERS IN A LINEAR CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Sergey Kokovin ◽  
Fedor Vasilev
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Solution Structure ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Informational Rent ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Existence Of Equilibria ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Linear City

Unlike standard models of monopolistic screening (second-degree price discrimination), we consider a situation where consumers are heterogeneous not only vertically, in their willingness to pay, but also horizontally, in their tastes or "addresses'' a la Hotelling's Linear City. For such a screening game, a novel model is composed. We formulate the game as an optimization program, prove the existence of equilibria, develop a method to calculate equilibria, and characterize their properties. Namely, the solution structure of the resulting menu of contracts can be either a "chain of envy'' like in usual screening or a number of disconnected chains. Unlike usual screening, "almost all'' consumers get positive informational rent. Importantly, the model can be extended to oligopoly screening.

Analisis Sistem Kelistrikan pada Beban Motor Mesin Pencacah Sampah Plastik

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanolanda Suzantry Handayani ◽  
Junas Haidi ◽  
Agun Mardian
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Motor Power ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Speed Measurement ◽  
Waste Load ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Modern Era

In this modern era, the activities of almost all humans depend on machines they make, such as single-phase induction electric motors, which are used to chop plastic waste. This chopping machine aims to help plastic collectors process plastic waste into small pieces, making it easier to pack and ship plastic out of the area for reprocessing. The plastic waste shredding machine is made using a crushing system with a fan-shaped blade construction consisting of 39 blades divided by two rotating rows opposite the cover box using a chain motor gear transmission element. Most of the chopper machines on the market use engines with diesel or diesel fuel, therefore a chopper machine using an electric motor is designed to compare the motor power without the addition of capacitors and capacitors. The waste load used for motors without additional capacitors, medium and large bottles measuring 375 ml to 1500 ml, the machine can chop as much as 800 grams with the highest measurement of power 578.0 Watt, current 4.192 A, the lowest motor speed measurement is 1414 rpm and the reducer speed is 22.9 rpm . The waste load used for motors with additional capacitors, medium and large bottles measuring 375 ml to 1500 ml, the machine can chop 1000 grams with the highest measurement of power 732.7 Watt, current 4.149 A, the lowest motor speed measurement is 1464 rpm and the reducer speed is 22.9 rpm.

scholarly journals AANMF: Attribute-Aware Attentional Neural Matrix Factorization

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-693
Author(s):  
Bo Zheng ◽  
Jinsong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Factorization ◽  
Recommendation System ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
It Projects ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Latent Space ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Novel Model

Matrix Factorization (MF) is one of the most intuitive and effective methods in the Recommendation System domain. It projects sparse (user, item) interactions into dense feature products which endues strong generality to the MF model. To leverage this interaction, recent works use auxiliary information of users and items. Despite effectiveness, irrationality still exists among these methods, since almost all of them simply add the feature of auxiliary information in dense latent space to the feature of the user or item. In this work, we propose a novel model named AANMF, short for Attribute-aware Attentional Neural Matrix Factorization. AANMF combines two main parts, namely, neural-network-based factorization architecture for modeling inner product and attention-mechanism-based attribute processing cell for attribute handling. Extensive experiments on two real-world data sets demonstrate the robust and stronger performance of our model. Notably, we show that our model can deal with the attributes of user or item more reasonably. Our implementation of AANMF is publicly available at https://github.com/Holy-Shine/AANMF.

scholarly journals Analysis of Consumer’s WTP for Cowpea Varieties in Osun State, Nigeria: the Hedonic Pricing Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabirou Kassali ◽  
Abayomi Yusuf Oyewale ◽  
Olufemi Adedotun Yesufu
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hedonic Pricing ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Price Premium ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Cowpea Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Almost All

Analysis of consumer preferences for cowpea varieties in Osun State was carried out with a view to identifying attributes that determine price variation among cowpea varieties and the effect on consumer’s willingness to pay for those varieties. A multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select 240 respondents for the study, comprising 180 cowpea consumers and 60 retailers. Primary data were collected on cowpea varieties, their attributes and the consumer’s willingness to pay for cowpea varieties using well structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that out of thirteen varieties found in the area, only nine varieties of cowpea were common in the market. The quality of each variety differs which explained variation in their price. In terms of preference the Oloyin variety is preferred most by 78% of consumers. Weevil resistance had the highest rank among the cowpea attributes. Oloyin had the highest WTP followed by Milk and Drum with ₦303, ₦237 and ₦213 per kg, respectively. Hedonic pricing methods provide a statistical estimate of premiums and discounts for cowpea attributes. Results indicated that weevil resistance was the most important attribute to consumer. Cowpeas with weevil damage tolerance, brown colour, large grain size and short cooking time commanded price premium for almost all the varieties. The consumer discounted prices for insect damage, small size, white colour, smooth skin and grain colour mixed together. The study concludes on the need for breeders and research institutes to incorporate these cowpea attributes that attracted price premium into their cowpea breeding programmes.

Demand and supply of agricultural ES: towards benefit-based policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 1223-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Tienhaara ◽  
Emmi Haltia ◽  
Eija Pouta ◽  
Kyösti Arovuori ◽  
Ioanna Grammatikopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Experiment Method ◽  
Almost All

Abstract In order to integrate ecosystem services (ES) in designing agri-environmental policy, we investigated both the demand for, and supply of, ES from agricultural environments in Finland. Using the discrete choice experiment method, we measured citizens’ willingness to pay (WTP) for four different ES and analysed farmers’ compensation request (willingness to accept [WTA]) for producing these services. Biodiversity and water quality gathered the highest WTA of farmers, but also the highest WTP of citizens. Overall, the average WTA exceeded the WTP for almost all attributes and levels, but 20–27 per cent of farmers were willing to produce the ES with the compensation lower than citizens’ WTP.

Observations on Hermann of Carinthia's Version of the Elements and its Relation to the Arabic Transmission

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Brentjes
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Mathematical Work ◽  
Secondary Transmission ◽  
Structural Relevance ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Made In

This paper investigates the affiliation of Book I of the Latin translation of Euclid's Elements attributed to Hermann of Carinthia with the Arabic transmission of the Greek mathematical work. It argues that it is a translation of a text of the Arabic secondary transmission, that is, of an Arabic edition mixed with comments. Two methodological claims are made in the paper. The first insists that the determination of a text whose transmission was as multifaceted and complex as the Euclidean Elements needs to be based on a systematic investigation of entire books rather than on selected theorems or diagrams of global, mostly structural relevance. The second claim starts from the experience that almost all results regarding the place of a particular document in a chain of transmission are conjectural. It acknowledges that individual results are more or less persuasive, depending upon the qualitative status of the argument. It suggests that the quantitative accumulation of similarities, differences, errors, regularities, or peculiarities allows one to recognize patterns and thus improves the reliability of judgment.

scholarly journals Consumer Scores and Price Discrimination

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 750-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Bonatti ◽  
Gonzalo Cisternas
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Equilibrium Price ◽  
Bayes Rule ◽  
Ratchet Effect ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
Price Discriminate ◽  
Linear Aggregate ◽  
Demand Sensitivity

Abstract We study the implications of aggregating consumers’ purchase histories into scores that proxy for unobserved willingness to pay. A long-lived consumer interacts with a sequence of firms. Each firm relies on the consumer’s current score–a linear aggregate of noisy purchase signals—to learn about her preferences and to set prices. If the consumer is strategic, she reduces her demand to manipulate her score, which reduces the average equilibrium price. Firms in turn prefer scores that overweigh past signals relative to applying Bayes’ rule with disaggregated data, as this mitigates the ratchet effect and maximizes the firms’ ability to price discriminate. Consumers with high average willingness to pay benefit from data collection, because the gains from low average prices dominate the losses from price discrimination. Finally, hidden scores—those only observed by the firms—reduce demand sensitivity, increase average prices, and reduce consumer surplus, sometimes below the naive-consumer level.

scholarly journals Geometric Rényi Divergence and its Applications in Quantum Channel Capacities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Fang ◽  
Hamza Fawzi
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Information ◽  
Quantum Channel ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Information Measures ◽  
Rényi Divergence ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Open Question

AbstractHaving a distance measure between quantum states satisfying the right properties is of fundamental importance in all areas of quantum information. In this work, we present a systematic study of the geometric Rényi divergence (GRD), also known as the maximal Rényi divergence, from the point of view of quantum information theory. We show that this divergence, together with its extension to channels, has many appealing structural properties, which are not satisfied by other quantum Rényi divergences. For example we prove a chain rule inequality that immediately implies the “amortization collapse” for the geometric Rényi divergence, addressing an open question by Berta et al. [Letters in Mathematical Physics 110:2277–2336, 2020, Equation (55)] in the area of quantum channel discrimination. As applications, we explore various channel capacity problems and construct new channel information measures based on the geometric Rényi divergence, sharpening the previously best-known bounds based on the max-relative entropy while still keeping the new bounds single-letter and efficiently computable. A plethora of examples are investigated and the improvements are evident for almost all cases.

scholarly journals THE LEUKOTOXIC ACTION OF STREPTOCOCCI

1957 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armine T. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Streptococcal Disease ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Group A ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Almost All

Following phagocytosis of certain streptococci human neutrophils undergo a rapid disintegration: the leukotoxic reaction. Monocytes and eosinophils are similarly injured, as are polymorphonuclear cells of rabbit and guinea pig blood. The leukotoxic injury is not produced by culture filtrates of leukotoxic cocci nor does it follow phagocytosis of heat-killed cocci. The leukotoxic effect does not appear to be due to action of any presently known streptococcal product. The distribution of leukotoxicity among streptococci is not random, for it was found in all strains tested of certain types of group A (6, 12), and was absent from almost all strains of other types (5, 14, 30). Still other types (3, 4) had both leukotoxic and non-leukotoxic representatives. The injury was also produced by some group C and G strains. Often the streptococci that cause leukocyte death remain alive and proliferate in the cellular debris, but sometimes they are injured by the phagocyte before the latter disintegrates and are unable to proliferate on the slides. The capacity of a strain of streptococcus to injure leukocytes does not necessarily confer virulence on it. This is thought to be because a chain of streptococci, having survived its sojourn in a leukocyte it has killed, is still susceptible to phagocytosis by a fresh leukocyte, and serial phagocytoses may continue until the chain has been exposed sufficiently to the unfavorable intracellular environment to be, itself, killed. Whether leukotoxicity plays a role in naturally occurring streptococcal disease is unknown. The high incidence of leukotoxicity in Type 12 strains suggested that it might be involved in acute hemorrhagic nephritis, but if so there must be other factors since leukotoxic strains are present in types and groups not now known to be associated with nephritis.

Indian dairy farmers' willingness to pay for sexed semen

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Kumari Vijaya Sneh Verma ◽  
Sanchita Garai ◽  
Sanjit Maiti ◽  
B. S. Meena ◽  
Mukesh Bhakat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Sexed Semen ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Small Holder

Abstract Sexed semen is one of the newest reproductive technologies available for dairy farmers and can fulfil their desire to produce a high percentage of female calves. The present study was designed to define the willingness of Indian dairy farmers to pay for sexed semen. Hence, 120 small holder dairy farmers and 90 commercial dairy farmers were randomly selected from Karnal and Yamunanagar districts in North-western Haryana, where there is a high proportion of crossbred dairy cattle. Willingness to pay for sexed semen was evaluated by a contingent valuation method and its determinants by an interval regression model. The majority of the small holder dairy farmers (81.67%) were willing to pay for sexed semen and they were ready to pay around INR 340 per sexed semen straw. Almost all (99%) of the commercial dairy farmers were willing to pay around INR 770 per sexed semen straw, i.e. more than double the value identified by small holder dairy farmers. Among all the predictors fitted in the interval regression model to explain the willingness to pay for sexed semen by the commercial dairy farmers, namely education level, herd size and attitude towards public extension systems, were positive and significant contributors. Our findings may help to identify what subsidy is required to promote sexed semen among dairy farmers, and as a consequence further improve breeding policies by introducing this new livestock production technology with the active participation of the dairy farmers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document