GAS EXCHANGE AND CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES UNDER SALT STRESS

ABSTRACT High salt concentration in water are common in Brazilian semirad region, being important to research alternatives for use this waters on crop, like use of tolerant genotypes to salinity. Thus, in order to evaluate the saline stress perception of citrus rootstocks varieties crop from gas exchange and fluorescence analysis, an experiment was realized in greenhouse at the Center for Science and Technology Agrifood, CCTA, of Federal University of Campina Grande, UFCG, Pombal, PB, Brazil. It was studied in a randomized block design with factorial scheme (2x4), two salinity levels (0.3 and 4.0 dSm-1) and four varieties of citrus rootstocks [1 -common Sunki mandarin (TSKC), 2 - Florida Rough lemon (LRF), 3 -Santa Cruz Rangpur lime (LCRSTC) and 4-Volkamer lemon (LVK)], with three replications. The citrus rootstocks varieties grown on hydroponic system and at 90 days after sowing the plants were evaluated by gas exchange and PSII fluorescence at 0, 24 and 48 hours after application of treatments to determine the times for the physiological establishment of salt stress. The first 48h under saline conditions promoted changes in gas exchange and PSII fluorescence in varieties TSKC, LRF and LCRSTC indicating the begin of physiological stress; the common ‘Sunki’ mandarin and the ‘Florida Rough’ lemon are the more sensitive genotypes to saline stress, in order hand the ‘Santa Cruz Rangpur’ lime and ‘Volkamer’ lemon are the genotypes more tolerant.

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Gas exchange of citrus rootstocks in response to intensity and duration of saline stress

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p725 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 725

Author(s):

Roberta Chaiene Almeida Barbosa ◽

Marcos Eric Barbosa Brito ◽

Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá ◽

Walter Dos Santos Soares-Filho ◽

Pedro Dantas Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Santa Cruz ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Rough Lemon ◽

Volkamer Lemon

Soil and water salinity cause physiological disorders in sensitive plants, such as altered gas exchange in citrus genotypes. However, it is possible to analyse these effects and to identify genotypes tolerant to salt stress. An experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the tolerance of citrus genotypes considering the irrigation with saline water during rootstock formation. The study took place under greenhouse conditions in Pombal county, Paraiba, Brazil. A randomised block design was used, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme (5 x 8). The two factors were: [i] five salinity levels of irrigation water (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0 dS m-1) and [ii] eight genotypes of citrus rootstocks: 1. ‘Rangpur Santa Cruz’ lime (LCRSTC); 2. common ‘Sunki’ mandarin (TSKC) x ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (CTSW) - 028; 3. TSKC x CTSW - 033; 4. TSKC x CTSW - 041; 5. ‘Volkamer’ lemon (LVK) x ‘Rangpur’ lime (LCR) - 038; 6. ‘Sunki of Florida’ mandarin (TSKFL); 7. TSKC and 8. ‘Florida’ rough lemon (LRF). Gas exchange was evaluated at 15, 30 and 60 days after the beginning of the saline water application. High water salinity reduces gas exchange in citrus genotypes, which was more evident at 15 days from the beginning of stress. The genotypes ‘Santa Cruz Rangpur’ lime, TSKC x CTSW - 041, LVK x LCR - 038 and ‘Florida’ rough lemon exhibit a satisfactory physiological behaviour during the first 30 days of exposure to the stress, showing moderate tolerance to salt stress. The genotypes TSKC x CTSW - 033 and common ‘Sunki’ mandarin are the most sensitive to salinity.

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Screening of citrus scion-rootstock combinations for tolerance to water salinity during seedling formation

Acta Scientiarum Agronomy ◽

10.4025/actasciagron.v43i1.48163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. e48163

Author(s):

Marcos Eric Barbosa Brito ◽

Pedro Dantas Fernandes ◽

Hans Raj Gheyi ◽

Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares ◽

Walter dos Santos Soares Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Volkamer Lemon ◽

Acid Lime ◽

Tolerance To Salinity ◽

Swingle Citrumelo

Arid and semiarid regions are vulnerable to water deficits and salinity. Citrus plants are sensitive to saline stress and require the use of tolerant scion-rootstock combinations. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate and classify citrus scion-rootstock combinations with respect to their tolerance to salinity during seedling formation in a protected environment. An experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a 5 x 12 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to five levels of water salinity (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2, and 4.0 dS m-1) applied in 12 citrus rootstocks grafted with two scion varieties: ‘Tahiti’ acid lime and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit. The scion-rootstock combinations were evaluated for accumulated dry matter and survival index at 330 days after sowing the rootstocks. Salinity exerted different effects on the dry matter formation of scion-rootstock combinations. ‘Star Ruby’ was less sensitive to salinity, particularly when the rootstocks were the hybrids from ‘Sunki of Florida’ mandarin (TSKFL) with ‘Troyer’ citrange (CTTR) – 013 (TSKFL x CTTR – 013), common ‘Sunki’ mandarin (TSKC) with ‘Argentina’ citrange (CTARG) – 019 (TSKC x CTARG – 019), TSKC with ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (CTSW) – 031 (TSKC x CTSW – 031), and the trifoliate hybrid (HTR) - 069, as well as the varieties Volkamer lemon and Santa Cruz Rangpur lime. When grafted with ‘Tahiti’ acid lime, the rootstocks displaying the less sensitive to salinity were TSKFL x CTTR - 013 and TSKC x CTARG - 019.

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Rootstocks for 'Tahiti' lime

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162004000200005 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 151-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Neusa Maria Colauto Stenzel ◽

Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Trifoliate Orange ◽

Canopy Development ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Rough Lemon ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Volkamer Lemon ◽

Cleopatra Mandarin

The 'Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) is an important commercial citrus cultivar in Brazil. 'Rangpur' lime has being used as its main rootstock, but it is susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora, reducing tree longevity. An experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with three trees per plot of each rootstock and four replicates, and run for 12 years, aiming to compare the performance of 'IAC-5 Tahiti' lime, budded on 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osb.); 'C-13' citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'African' rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.); 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.); trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.) and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.). Eleven years after the establishment of the orchard, trees with the greatest canopy development were budded on 'C-13' citrange and 'African' rough lemon, and both differed significantly from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Sunki' and 'Cleopatra' mandarins, which presented the smallest canopy development. Trees budded on 'Rangpur' lime and 'C-13' citrange had the highest cumulative yields, and were different from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins. There was no rootstock effect on mean fruit weight and on the total soluble solid/acid ratio in the juice. The 'Rangpur' lime and the 'Cleopatra' mandarin rootstocks reduced longevity of plants.

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EXCESSO DE FERRO SOBRE O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS CÍTRICOS

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v7i1.6075 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Kassio Ewerton Santos Sombra ◽

Andreza Cristina Chagas de Oliveira ◽

Ronyce Do Nascimento Ferreira ◽

Alexandre Caique Costa e Silva ◽

Cleilson Do Nascimento Uchôa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Tolerance ◽

San Diego ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Santa Cruz ◽

Initial Development ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

O trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do excesso de ferro sobre a emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de genótipos de porta-enxertos cítricos. Adotou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), em fatorial 5x2, com cinco porta-enxertos e dois substratos, repetidos quatro vezes, com parcela útil de 15 recipientes. Os genótipos consistiram do limoeiro ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’; citrandarins ‘Riverside’, ‘San Diego’ e ‘Índio’, além de, tangerineira ‘Sunki Tropical’, cultivados com ou sem óxido de ferro no substrato. Analisaram-se as porcentagens de emergência (PE) e calculou-se o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). Realizaram-se biometrias aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após a semeadura (DAS), mensurando-se a altura (H) e diâmetro de caule (D) das plântulas, determinando-se massa fresca (MV) e seca (MS). O excesso de ferro induziu subdesenvolvimento, e até mortalidade de plântulas já emergidas, o que refletiu diretamente nos resultados, porém, todos os genótipos apresentaram emergência superior a 75%, destacando-se o citrandarin ‘San Diego’, com maior altura e caule mais espesso, e o citrandarin ‘Riverside’ com maior sensibilidade ao estresse, registrando os menores valores. O citrandarin ’San Diego’ demonstrou tolerância o estresse e desenvolveu-se satisfatoriamente, necessitando estudos que avaliem a manutenção das características inferidas em combinação com a cultivar copa.Palavras-chave: ambiente protegido, citricultura, enxertia, estresse, mudas. EXCESS OF IRON ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was evaluated the effects of iron excess on the emergence and initial development of citrus rootstock genotypes. A randomized complete block design (DBC), factorial 5x2, with five rootstocks and two substrates, repeated four times, with useful plot of 15 containers was adopted. Genotypes consisted of the 'Santa Cruz' Rangpur lemon; 'Riverside', 'San Diego' and 'Indio' citrandarins, as well as 'Sunki Tropical' tangerine, grown with or without iron excess in substrate. The percentages of emergency (PE) were analyzed and the rate of emergency (IVE) was calculated. Biometry was performed at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS), by measuring the height (H) and stem diameter (D) of the seedlings, determining fresh (MV) and dry mass (DM). The excess of iron induced underdevelopment, and even mortality of already emerged seedlings, which reflected directly in the results, however, all genotypes presented an emergency higher to 75%, standing out ’San Diego’ citrandarin, with greater height and more stem thick, and the ‘Riverside’ citrandarin with greater sensitivity to stress, registering the lowest values. 'San Diego’ citrandarin demonstrated stress tolerance and developed satisfactorily, requiring studies that evaluate maintenance of inferred characteristics in combination with cultivar canopy.Keywords: protected environment, citriculture, grafting, stress, seedlings.

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Morphophysiology of Tahiti lime grafted onto Sunki mandarin hybrids under salt stress

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n8p598-606 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 598-606

Author(s):

Luderlândio A. Silva ◽

Marcos E. B. Brito ◽

Pedro D. Fernandes ◽

Francisco V. da S. Sá ◽

Rômulo C. L. Moreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Flowering Stage ◽

Gas Exchanges ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Electrical Conductivities ◽

One Year

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the growth and physiology of citrus scion/rootstock combinations irrigated with saline water until the pre-flowering stage. The experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters with capacity for 150 dm3, in randomized block design in a 2 x 10 factorial scheme, corresponding to two electrical conductivities of water (S1 = 0.3 and S2 = 3.0 dS m-1) and ten scion/rootstock combinations (nine hybrids and one commercial variety) grafted with Tahiti lime, in three repetitions and one plant per plot. Grafted seedlings were transplanted one year after sowing, subjected to salt stress from 15 days after transplanting until the pre-flowering period, and evaluated for gas exchanges and growth. The irrigation with 3.0 dS m-1 saline water did not influence the photosynthetic activity of the studied citrus scion/rootstock combinations until the pre-flowering. The genotype Santa Cruz Rangpur lime (LCRSTC) was more sensitive to irrigation water salinity in terms of growth. The least sensitive combinations to salinity were Tahiti lime grafted onto TSKFL x (LCR x TR) - 018, TSKFL x TRBK - 011 and TSKFL x TRBK - 30.

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Agronomical performance of 'Piemonte' mandarin grafted on several rootstocks in the Brazilian Coastal Tablelands

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2016001100005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (11) ◽

pp. 1830-1838 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hélio Wilson Lemos de Carvalho ◽

◽

Carlos Roberto Martins ◽

Adenir Vieira Teodoro ◽

Walter dos Santos Soares Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Productive Performance ◽

Santa Cruz ◽

Pest Population ◽

Plant Yield ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Rough Lemon ◽

Swingle Citrumelo

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomical performance of 'Piemonte' mandarin grafted on 11 rootstocks grown under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Coastal Tablelands, in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. The following combined agronomical parameters were evaluated: vegetative growth, abundance of phytophagous mites, plant yield, drought tolerance, and physicochemical quality of fruit. 'Piemonte' mandarin had the best productive performance when grafted on 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime, 'Red Rough' lemon, 'Sunki Tropical' mandarin, and 'Riverside' citrandarin, and it was more tolerant to drought when grafted on 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime and on the LVK x LCR-010 hybrid. Rootstocks did not affect pest population levels. 'Piemonte' mandarin grafted on 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime and 'Red Rough' lemon produced lower-quality fruit. The 'Indio' and 'San Diego' citrandarins, the HTR-051 hybrid, and 'Swingle' citrumelo have potential for high-density plantings. 'Sunki Tropical' mandarin and 'Riverside' citrandarin are a good option for the diversification of rootstocks in orchards in the agroecosystem of the Brazilian Coastal Tablelands.

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Photosynthetic performance in Eucalyptus clones cultivated in saline soil

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i5.1955 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 368

Author(s):

Jailma Ribeiro de Andrade ◽

Sebastião de Oliveira Maia Júnior ◽

Andrea Francisca da Silva Santos ◽

Vicente Mota da Silva ◽

L.T. Bezerra, J.R.R. da Silva, C.M. Santos, V.M. Ferreira, L. Endres

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Block Design ◽

Photosynthetic Pigment ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Photosynthetic Performance ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Physiological Indicators ◽

Photochemical Efficiency Of Psii ◽

Randomized Block Design

The aim of this study was to evaluate the photosynthetic performance of Eucalyptus clones with the aim of identifying their tolerance to soil saline stress conditions. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement: in five replications, totaling 60 plots, three Eucalyptus clones were used, VC865, I224, and I144, which were exposed to four concentrations of NaCl (0, 1, 2 and 3 g NaCl kg-1 of soil). Clone I144 shows mechanisms of salinity tolerance as smaller reductions in the stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, photochemical efficiency of PSII, photosynthetic pigment content and total dry mass. On the other hand, clone I224 presents greater physiological damage, indicating high susceptibility to salt stress, while VC865 shows moderate sensitivity to salinity. Variables related to photosynthetic performance, such as gas exchange, photochemical efficiency of PSII and photosynthetic pigments are potentially reliable physiological indicators for selecting of tolerant Eucalyptus clones to salt stress.

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EVALUATION OF ROOTSTOCKS FOR ‘TAHITI’ ACID LIME IN NORTHERN STATE OF MINAS GERAIS

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452017790 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

DANIEL LUCAS MAGALHÃES MACHADO ◽

DALMO LOPES DE SIQUEIRA ◽

LUIZ CARLOS CHAMHUM SALOMÃO ◽

PAULO ROBERTO CECON ◽

DANIELLE FABÍOLA PEREIRA DA SILVA

Keyword(s):

Production Efficiency ◽

Block Design ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Volume Yield ◽

Volkamer Lemon ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Acid Lime ◽

Troyer Citrange

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate 12 rootstock varieties on the development and quality of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime fruits cultivated in the municipality of Jaíba, MG. Seedlings were planted in an experimental orchard in November 2008, using 8 x 5 meters spacing and drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted using a scion cultivar (Tahiti acid lime, IAC-5 cultivar) and the following 12 rootstocks: ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Troyer’ citrange, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, 1707 hybrid (Rangpur lime x Swingle trifoliate), 1710 and 1697 citrandarins, 1708citradia, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ‘Cleopatra’ and ‘Sunki’ mandarins, ‘Volkamer’ lemon, and ‘Limeira’ trifoliate. A randomized block design with five replicates and three trees per plot was used. Trunk diameter of both rootstock and scion, as well as height, diameter, and canopy volume, yield, fruit mass, number of fruits per tree, productivity, production efficiency index, longitudinal diameter, equatorial diameter, total soluble solids, total acidity, and vitamin C content of fruits were evaluated. ‘Volkameriano’ and ‘Cleopatra’ rootstocks promoted higher plant vigor and productivity for ‘Tahiti’ acid lime. However, ‘Limeira’ trifoliate and ‘Troyer’ citrange produced less vigor, but increased production efficiency; and can be used as alternative rootstocks for ‘Rangpur’ lime, as long as adjustments are performed in the planting spacing to increase productivity. In general, no differences in physical and chemical characteristics of fruits for all treatments were found, and fruits remained within commercial standards.

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IMPACT OF SALINE CONDITIONS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON CITRUS PRODUCTION AND GAS EXCHANGES

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252016v29n218rc ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 415-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

JÔNATAS RAULINO MARQUES DE SOUSA ◽

HANS RAJ GHEYI ◽

MARCOS ERIC BARBOSA BRITO ◽

DIEGO AZEVEDO XAVIER ◽

GUILHERME DE FREITAS FURTADO

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Gas Exchanges ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Associated Gas ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Citrus Production ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT: In two simultaneous experiments, we evaluated the impact of brackish irrigation water and nitrogen (N) fertilization on the production of citrus (scion-rootstock combinations) and its associated gas exchanges. These experiments were conducted at the Campus of Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil in a protected environment (shade screens on the sides) using drainage lysimeters. Experiment I used a randomized block design (3 replicates), in a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five water salinity levels (0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0 dS m-1) and three scion-rootstock combinations: RS1- Common Sunki mandarin (TSKC) × Poncirus trifoliata English (TRENG) - 256; RS2- Common Rangpur lime (LCRSTC); and RS3- TSKC × (Rangpur lime (LCR) × P. trifoliata (TR)) - 059; with Mimo do Céu orange as the scion variety. Experiment II used a randomized block design (3 replicates), in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to the three scion/rootstock combinations and two nitrogen (N) doses (100 and 200 mg kg-1 of soil). Plants were irrigated with water of 3.0 dS m-1. For both experiments, gas exchanges and mean mass of fruits were evaluated at harvest. Gas exchanges were inhibited in plants under saline stress. Plants grafted with Common Rangpur lime showed greater production potential than did the other genotypes studied, even under brackish water conditions.

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Quantum efficiency of photosystem II and production of orange under salt stress and nitrogen fertilization

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n5p434-440 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 434-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jônatas R. M. de Sousa ◽

Hans R. Gheyi ◽

Marcos E. B. Brito ◽

Claudivan F. de Lacerda ◽

Francisco V. da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Photosystem Ii ◽

Quantum Efficiency ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Fruit Production ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Maximum Quantum Efficiency

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the salt tolerance of 'Mimo do Céu' orange grafted onto three rootstocks using physiological parameters such as maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and the production of fruits. It also evaluated the effectiveness of increased nitrogen (N) fertilization in reducing the effects of salt stress. Two concomitant experiments were carried out under controlled conditions, using drainage lysimeters. The Experiment I evaluated the effects of the application of five levels of saline water on three combinations of scion-rootstocks grafted with 'Mimo de Ceu' orange, in a randomized block design with three replicates in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme. The Experiment II evaluated the application of two N levels (100 and 200% of recommendation) in three scion-rootstock combinations irrigated with water of electrical conductivity of 3.0 dS m-1, in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with three replicates. The maximum quantum efficiency of PSII was inhibited in citrus plants under salt stress. 'Mimo do Ceu' orange grafted onto 'Common' Rangpur lime has higher yield potential. The increase in N dose did not reduce the deleterious effects of water salinity on fruit production.

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