scholarly journals Occurrence and exposure assessment to aflatoxins in peanuts commercialized in the northwest of Parana, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alini Cristini dos Santos ◽  
Aline Amenencia de Souza ◽  
Milena Veronezi Silva ◽  
Samuel Botião Nerilo ◽  
Alexandra Perdigão Maia de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Tolerable Daily Intake ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Food Consumed

ABSTRACT: Peanuts are a nutritious food consumed worldwide. Some species of the genus Aspergillus, producers of aflatoxins, colonize peanuts. Human exposure to aflatoxins occurs by ingesting contaminated foods. The objective of this paper was to assess the occurrence and dietary exposure of the population to aflatoxins in peanuts commercially available in Maringa, Brazil, from May 2013 to April 2017. A total of 104 peanut samples were evaluated by thin-layer chromatography and confirmed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. The contamination rate detected was 24.0% in average concentration of 13.4µg/kg. Twenty positive samples (19.2%) exceeded the maximum level permitted in Brazil for the sum of four aflatoxins. Estimated probable daily intake was 1,28 µg/kg body weight/day, exceeding the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake (0.001μg/kg body weight/day). According to the high levels of aflatoxins found in peanuts, there is need for further monitoring the presence of aflatoxins in peanuts in natura to reduce the levels of contamination.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochra-toxin A in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) from Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lasram ◽  
Z. Hamdi ◽  
A. Ghorbel
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fluorescence Detector

Background: Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are toxic secondary  metabolites produced by certain mold species. In this primarily survey, we examined the OTA and AFB1 contamination of pearl millet grains distributed in Tunisia. Methods: Twenty-five pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) samples from different regions of Tunisia were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector in order to evaluate the contamination with of AFB1 and OTA. Statistical tests were performed with XLSTAT 2018. Results: AFB1 and OTA were detected in 32 and 28% millet samples, respectively. Mean amounts of these mycotoxins in the contaminated samples were of 24.54±17.54 µg/kg for OTA and 22.72±23.09 µg/kg for AFB1. Approximately, 28 and 24% of analyzed samples were found above the European Union limits for AFB1 and OTA, respectively. The estimated daily intake of OTA and AFB1 were 3.76 and 3.89 ng/kg b.w. per day, respectively. No significantly (p>0.05) difference in OTA and AFB1 contamination rate was found between samples taken from different regions. Conclusion: Consumption of millet in Tunisia might be an important contributing factor to the risk of dietary exposure to OTA and AFB1

Safety and Quality Assessment of Smallholder Farmers' Maize in the Western Highlands of Guatemala

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 776-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ RODRIGO MENDOZA ◽  
ANA RODAS ◽  
ANA OLIVA ◽  
LUIS SABILLÓN ◽  
ANA COLMENARES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tolerable Daily Intake ◽  
Estimated Daily Intake ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Different Altitudes

ABSTRACT Maize (Zea mays) is a staple in many developing countries but is known to be prone to pest (insects, birds, and rodents) and fungal infestation. In Guatemala, mycotoxin contamination of cultivated products may occur owing to such factors as environmental conditions and the use of traditional agriculture operations. To assess the current maize conditions in Guatemala, a small-scale study was performed. Mold and insect counts and mycotoxin (aflatoxin and fumonisin) concentrations were determined on 25 farms in two townships (Chiantla and Todos Santos) of the Huehuetenango Department. Total fungal counts were 3.6 to 6.83 log CFU/g with no significant differences (P > 0.05) across farms at different altitudes. Farms where maize was not produced but was purchased were at higher risk of fumonisin contamination, whereas local producers were mostly affected by aflatoxins. Aflatoxin was present in maize from 100% of farms at 1.0 to 85.3 ppb, and fumonisin was detected on 52% of farms at 0.4 to 31.0 ppm. Average mycotoxin consumption amounts were above the recommended maximum intake for aflatoxin in both produced and purchased maize and above the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake for fumonisin in purchased maize. Estimated daily intake was 0.01 to 0.85 μg/kg of body weight per day for aflatoxin and 2.9 to 310.0 μg/kg of body weight per day for fumonisin. An entomological analysis revealed overall 32% prevalence of Ephestia kuehniella (flour moth), 16% prevalence of Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevil), and 8% prevalence of Tribolium sp. (flour beetle) on the analyzed farms. This study highlighted poor agricultural practices used in the highlands of Guatemala. Current practices should be revised for the production of maize that is safe for consumption by the population in this region.

Exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.N. Rossi ◽  
C.R. Takabayashi ◽  
M.A. Ono ◽  
J.G. Bordini ◽  
E.N. Itano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Hygienic Quality ◽  
Adverse Effect Level

The objective of the present study was to assess the degree of exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed and the hygienic quality of feeds. For this purpose, the natural mycoflora and the occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins were evaluated in 95 feed samples intended for laying hens collected from January to December 2010 at the Experimental Farm of the State University of Londrina, Northern Paraná State, Brazil. Fusarium was the prevalent genus (99%), followed by Aspergillus (89%). Fusarium spp. were detected at a low contamination level (<103 to <104 colony forming units (cfu)/g) in 54% of the samples. Aspergillus spp. were detected in 73% of the samples at the same contamination range. The total mould and yeast count ranged from 5.0×102 to 8.7×105 cfu/g; in 60% of the samples the values exceeded 1.0×104 cfu/g, the maximum limit established to ensure good hygienic quality of the product. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were detected in 69.7 and 89.5% of the samples, with mean values of 9.61 ng/g and 1.28 µg/g, respectively. The estimated daily intake of fumonisin B1 for laying hens (0.038 mg/kg body weight/day) was below the lowest observed adverse effect level (2 mg/kg body weight/ day). Regarding aflatoxins, most of the positive samples (85.1%) showed aflatoxin levels below the maximum level laid down by the European Commission. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels in laying hen feed is essential to minimize threats to human and animal health. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the degree of exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed in Brazil.

Determination of T-2/HT-2 toxins in duplicate diets in the Netherlands by GC-MS/MS: method development and estimation of human exposure

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Jekel ◽  
H.P. van Egmond
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Pooled Samples ◽  
Duplicate Diets ◽  
Current Exposure

T-2 and HT-2 toxins (T-2 and HT-2) are important trichothecenes. They have been subject of formal risk assessment by various organisations, including the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The EFSA CONTAM Panel recently established a group Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 100 ng/kg body weight/day for the sum of T-2 and HT-2. To assess the actual dietary exposure of Dutch consumers to T-2 and HT-2 a study was conducted in the Netherlands, in which duplicate portions of 24-h diets collected in 2011 were investigated for these toxins. This collection comprised 128 duplicate diets of the adult segment of the Dutch population, divided over a spring and autumn collection period. The diets in the study were homogenised and processed to lyophilised powders. Aliquots of every two of the samples were pooled to test portions that were analysed with a method, based on immunoaffinity chromatography clean-up in combination with GC-MS/MS determination. The method had a limit of quantification of 0.01 ?g/kg original non-lyophilised diet for both T-2 and HT-2. Recoveries ranged from 92-114% for T-2 and from 71-106% for HT-2, determined at levels of addition ranging from 0.1-0.3 ?g/kg. In practically all samples investigated, numerical values for the concentrations of T-2 and HT-2 could be obtained. Exposure estimates of the sum of T-2 and HT-2 in the 2011 study ranged from non-detectable to 18.6 ng/kg body weight/day. In addition limited sets of pooled samples of duplicate diets retained from collections in the period 1976-2004 were analysed for T-2 and HT-2. In all samples the mean and individual intakes of the sum of T-2 and HT-2 of the respondents were below the group TDI of the EFSA CONTAM Panel. From this study it was concluded that no health risks are expected from current exposure of adult Dutch consumers to T-2 and HT-2.

scholarly journals Human Mycotoxin Biomonitoring: Conclusive Remarks on Direct or Indirect Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnau Vidal ◽  
Nabila Bouzaghnane ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
Marthe De Boevre
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Tolerable Daily Intake ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Indirect Assessment ◽  
Subsequent Determination ◽  
Urinary Levels

Deoxynivalenol is one of the most ubiquitous mycotoxins in the Western diet through its presence in cereals and cereal products. A vast amount of studies indicate the worrying level of exposure to this toxin, while even high percentages of the population exceed the tolerable daily intake. To evaluate and assess dietary exposure, analysis of urinary levels of deoxynivalenol and its glucuronides has been proposed as a reliable methodology. An indirect preliminary method was used based on the cleavage of deoxynivalenol glucuronides through the use of enzymes (β-glucuronidase) and subsequent determination of "total deoxynivalenol" (sum of free and released mycotoxins by hydrolysis). Next, a direct procedure for quantification of deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide and deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide was developed. As deoxynivalenol glucuronides reference standards are not commercially available, the indirect method is widely applied. However, to not underestimate the total deoxynivalenol exposure in urine, the direct and indirect methodologies need to be compared. Urinary samples (n = 96) with a confirmed presence of deoxynivalenol and/or deoxynivalenol glucuronides were analysed using both approaches. The indirect method clarified that not all deoxynivalenol glucuronides were transformed to free deoxynivalenol during enzymatic treatment, causing an underestimation of total deoxynivalenol. This short communication concludes on the application of direct or indirect assessment of urinary deoxynivalenol.

Risk assessment of mycotoxins in stored maize: case study of Shandong, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
Y. Dong ◽  
L. Fan ◽  
J. Liang ◽  
L. Wang ◽  
X. Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Tolerable Daily Intake ◽  
Deterministic Approach ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Statistical Yearbook

Risk characterisation of dietary exposure of aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) in maize from Shandong Province was conducted in this study. A total of 520 maize samples were collected after harvesting in 2014 and 2015 from 26 selected villages in Shandong Province, China. A deterministic approach was used in the current study. The dietary intake data of maize was obtained from ‘Shandong Statistical Yearbook 2018’. The risk characterisation of FBs, DON, and ZEA was evaluated in 4 population groups (2 to 6-year-old children, standard adults, city adults and village adults) based on probable intake. 2 to 6-year-old children and adults were exposed to FBs (0.42 and 0.20 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day), DON (0.04 and 0.019 μg/kg bw/day), and ZEA (0.0024 and 0.0011 μg/kg bw/day) through mean maize consumption in diets, which was lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of each mycotoxin established by JECFA. Risk assessments showed a low risk for liver cancer due to consumption of aflatoxin B1 (0.027-0.21 cases per 100,000 persons per year) contaminated maize compared with China’s current liver cancer incidence of 24.6 cases per 100,000 persons per year.

scholarly journals Human Health Risks Surveillance of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Bovine Milk from Alluvial Plain of Punjab, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saman Sana ◽  
Abdul Qadir ◽  
Neil P Evans ◽  
Mehvish Mumtaz ◽  
Ambreena Javaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Samples

Abstract Punjab is the leading province of Pakistan in the production of bovine milk and its consumption. Rapid industrialization, high energy demand and production of waste have increased the risk of PCB toxicity in the environment. This research work was designed to assess human dietary exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (∑PCBs 17 congeners) through ingestion of buffalo and cow’s milk from eight main districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The average concentration of ∑DL-PCBs in buffalo and cow milk samples were analyzed (8.74 ng g-1 and 14.60 ng g-1) and ∑I-PCBs (11.54 ng g-1 and 18.68 ng g-1) respectively. The PCB-156 was predominantly high congener found in both buffalo (2.84 ng g-1) and cow milk (2.86 ng g-1). It was found that the highest PCBs in bovine milk samples were observed in close vicinities of urban and industrial areas. The estimated daily consumptions of DL-PCBs and I-PCBs, from buffalo and cow milk, were below the acceptable daily intake for both adults and children. Moreover, Hazard Quotients (HQ) of ∑PCBs17 congeners value were less than 1.0 in adults and greater in the case of children reflecting the high chances of cancer risk. Furthermore, comprehensive monitoring for childhood cancer is recommended to establish the relationship in future studies.

Human Dietary Exposure to Hexachlorobenzene in Catalonia, Spain

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2148-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSER MARTÍ-CID ◽  
JUAN M. LLOBET ◽  
VICTORIA CASTELL ◽  
JOSE L. DOMINGO
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Male Adult

The concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in samples of foodstuffs widely consumed by the population of Catalonia, Spain. Food samples were randomly acquired in 12 cities of Catalonia between March and June of 2006. HCB levels were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. The dietary intake of HCB was subsequently estimated for the population of Catalonia, and the results were compared with those of a survey performed in 2000. The highest HCB concentrations were found in oils and fats, fish and seafood, and dairy products, with mean levels of 0.481, 0.330, and 0.284 ng/g of fresh weight, respectively. HCB intake was estimated for four population groups: children, adolescents, adults, and seniors (aged &gt; 65 years). The highest and lowest HCB intake corresponded to children and seniors, respectively. Similar results were found in our 2000 survey. For a standard male adult of 70-kg body weight, in the 2000 study, total dietary intake of HCB was 166.2 ng/day (2.4 ng/kg of body weight per day), whereas in the current survey the intake was 71.6 ng/day (1.0 ng/kg of body weight per day). On a body-weight basis, it means a decrease of 57%, which was mainly due to the important reductions in the contribution of dairy products (mainly cheese), as well as those of meat and meat products and fish and seafood. All the intakes are considerably lower than the World Health Organization tolerable daily intake, which is 0.17 μg/kg/day for noncancer effects and 0.16 μg/kg/day for neoplastic effects in humans.

scholarly journals Human Exposure to Cyanotoxins and their Effects on Health

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damjana Drobac ◽  
Nada Tokodi ◽  
Jelica Simeunović ◽  
Vladimir Baltić ◽  
Dina Stanić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Tolerable Daily Intake ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Aquatic Food Web ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
Existing Data

Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. They pose a threat to human health and the environment. This review summarises the existing data on human exposure to cyanotoxins through drinking water, recreational activities (e.g., swimming, canoeing or bathing), the aquatic food web, terrestrial plants, food supplements, and haemodialysis. Furthermore, it discusses the tolerable daily intake and guideline values for cyanotoxins (especially microcystins) as well as the need to implement risk management measures via national and international legislation.

scholarly journals Safety of Corn and Corn-Based Products Intended for Human Consumption Concerning Fumonisins from a Brazilian Processing Plant

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Bordini ◽  
Mario Ono ◽  
Melissa Hirozawa ◽  
Glauco Garcia ◽  
Edio Vizoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Corn Processing ◽  
Exposure Evaluation ◽  
Corn Grain

Brazil is one of the world’s largest corn producers and is a leader in exportation. Due to intense globalization, corn may be commercialized worldwide and the issue concerning the safety of corn-based products has become a topic of widespread international interest. Dietary exposure evaluation is a relevant criterion for mycotoxin risk assessment. Thus, human exposure to fumonisins were assessed for corn grain and its derivatives (endosperm, cornmeal, and grits; n = 320) sampled from one of the large-scale corn processing plants in Brazil. The total probable daily intake (PDI) for fumonisins in Brazil was 96.9 ng kg−1 body weight day−1, which corresponds to 5% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 2000 ng kg−1 b.w. day−1 for fumonisins. In countries that import Brazilian corn, the total PDI is lower in European countries (from 35.7 to 177 ng kg−1 b.w. day−1) and higher in Angola (1553 ng kg−1 b.w. day−1). Taking into account that dietary exposure in populations in Brazil and importing countries was low, the corn-based products were safe for human consumption regarding fumonisins, even for regions with high corn consumption.

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