scholarly journals Photosynthetic index and nitrogen assimilation in rapeseed seedlings transplanted in soil with ammonium glufosinate

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui Cui ◽  
Xurong Xie ◽  
Liu-Yan Wang ◽  
Rui-Li Wang ◽  
Wei Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Glufosinate ◽  
Agricultural Application

ABSTRACT: Herbicide application is an effective weed control method for mitigating crop yield loss; however, herbicide overuse can cause toxicity in non-target plants. The present study evaluated the effects of glufosinate at recommended dose for agricultural application (0.45 kg ha-1) and at overuse dose (0.90 kg ha-1) glufosinate application on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen assimilation of the rapeseed varieties D148 and Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11). Both glufosinate concentrations significantly decreased the content of chlorophyll and nitrogenous compounds, except free proline, and the activity of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase, and increased the activity of glutamic acid dehydrogenase in both varieties. When the concentration of glyphosate was 0.45kg ha-1, the nitrogen assimilation of the two varieties decreased, which indicated that the recommended dosage inhibited the nitrogen assimilation of the two varieties; however, the increase of net photosynthetic rate of D148 and the decrease of that of ZS11 mean that D148 is more tolerant to the recommended dose of glyphosate than ZS11. The 0.90 kg ha-1 dosage was toxic to both rapeseed varieties. Overall, our results indicated that herbicide overuse inhibited the photosynthetic rate and nitrogen assimilation in rapeseed seedlings, and it is essential to apply a suitable glufosinate dose based on the variety grown to minimize adverse effects on crops and environment.

Tolerance of identity preserved soybean cultivars to preemergence herbicides

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly D. Belfry ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Lynette R. Brown ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Chlorimuron Ethyl ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Belfry, K. D., Soltani, N., Brown, L. R. and Sikkema, P. H. 2015. Tolerance of identity preserved soybean cultivars to preemergence herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 719–726. Six field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period (2011 to 2013) near Exeter and Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada, to assess the tolerance of seven identity-preserved (IP) soybean cultivars to preemergence (PRE) herbicides applied at 2×the recommended dose. All cultivars demonstrated excellent tolerance to dimethenamid-P, pyroxasulfone, S-metolachlor, chlorimuron-ethyl, clomazone, cloransulam-methyl, flumetsulam and imazethapyr, showing 5% or less injury. At Exeter, linuron caused as much as 13 and 18% injury at 2 and 4 wk after soybean emergence, while injury due to metribuzin was as high as 22 and 47% for the same dates, respectively. At Exeter, linuron, metribuzin and S-metolachlor plus metribuzin reduced soybean height up to 17, 41 and 24%, respectively; soybean height was generally not affected at the Ridgetown sites. At Exeter, metribuzin reduced soybean yield up to 38% for cultivars S03W4, Madison and OAC Lakeview, while S23T5 was not significantly reduced. On the contrary, metribuzin yield loss at Ridgetown was nonsignificant. Results from this study suggest that PRE application of metribuzin at 2× field dose has potential to cause unacceptable injury and yield reduction in IP soybeans under some soil and climatic conditions and may vary according to cultivar.

scholarly journals Effects of Some Inorganic Nitrogenous Substances on Growth and Nitrogen Assimilation of Young Plant Embryos in Vitro

1958 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHGC Rijven
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
Excised Embryos ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

Young excised embryos of Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae) and of the cruciferous species Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., Oapsella bursa.pastoris (L.) Moench., and Sisymbrium orientale L. were fed with inorganic and organic nitrogenous compounds whilst they were kept in "sitting drop" cultures for periods of 48 and 96 hr.

Management of Spreading Dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium) in Wild Blueberry Fields

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Wu ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Wild Blueberry

Spreading dogbane is a troublesome weed of wild blueberry fields. Field studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to evaluate efficacy of different herbicides and application techniques on spreading dogbane as well as blueberry tolerance. Results indicated that summer-broadcast nicosulfuron at 25 g ai ha−1with 0.5% v/v blend of surfactant with petroleum hydrocarbons suppressed (> 60%) spreading dogbane at three of four sites. Spot sprays with dicamba at 1 kg ae ha−1effectively controlled (> 80%) spreading dogbane with minimal (19 to 23%) blueberry damage at three of four sites. Glyphosate spot sprays at 5 g ae L−1water provided more effective and longer control than hand pulling. Wiping with glyphosate at 154 g ae L−1water or wiping triclopyr at 29 g ae L−1water onto the shoots is also an effective control method for localized patches of spreading dogbane. Although low to moderate crop damage may accompany these techniques, it may still be tolerable for growers to apply these options to limit long-term yield loss caused by spreading dogbane.

Enzymes of nitrogen assimilation during seed development in normal and high lysine mutants in maize (Zea mays, W64A)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2735-2743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Misra ◽  
Ann Oaks
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Asparagine Synthetase ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Normal Variety ◽  
High Lysine ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
Low Levels

Enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in endosperms of a normal variety of maize (W64A) and isogenic high lysine mutants (opaque-2 and floury-2) were examined. Glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), asparaginase, asparagine synthetase, and glutamine synthetase were present in the immature endosperm in all three genotypes; increased in activity just prior to the onset of zein biosynthesis; and remained at maximal levels during the period of rapid accumulation of nitrogen. With the exception of GOGAT trends and levels of activities were similar in all cases. Opaque-2 mutants had higher levels of GOGAT (29 ± 0.5 nmol∙min−1 endosperm−1 at day 20 postpollination) than floury-2 (19 ± 0.07) or W64A (13 ± 0.6). Levels of aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, and glutamine were also higher in the high lysine mutants throughout the developmental sequence. NH4+ in the endosperm rose from low levels at day 5 (0.1 μmol∙endosperm−1) to significant levels (1.3, 1.7, and 1.98 μmol∙endosperm−1 in normal, floury-2, and opaque-2, respectively) between 20 and 25 days and then declined. The decline was less apparent in the mutants. Levels of an endopeptidase increased initially in the control and then declined. In the mutants the decline in activity was less apparent and this resulted in higher levels of protease activities at later stages of development. RNAase activities were higher in the mutants throughout the developmental sequence. Where differences were observed, they were more apparent in the opaque-2 than in the floury-2 mutants.

Glutamate synthase and nitrogen assimilation

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Temple ◽  
Carroll P. Vance ◽  
J. Stephen Gantt
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Glutamate Synthase

scholarly journals Physiological parameters in sugarcane cultivars submitted to water deficit

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Perez da Graça ◽  
Fabiana Aparecida Rodrigues ◽  
José Renato Bouças Farias ◽  
Maria Cristina Neves de Oliveira ◽  
Clara Beatriz Hoffmann-Campo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Relative Water

To investigate the processes involved in the susceptibility of sugarcane plants to water deficit, several physiological parameters were evaluated in drought tolerant (SP83-2847 and CTC15) and sensitive (SP86-155) cultivars. The water deficit affected the photosynthetic apparatus of all the plants in different ways, within and among cultivars. The photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance decreased significantly in all cultivars submitted to water deficit. In control plants of the tolerant cultivars (SP83-2847 and CTC15) the photosynthetic rate was higher than in the sensitive cultivar (SP86-155). Cultivar CTC15 showed the highest relative water content during the dry period. The quantum efficiency photosystem II of cultivar SP83-2847 was more stable in the last days of the experimental treatment, suggesting that the decline in relative water content stimulated an adjustment of photosynthetic capacity to tolerate the changes in water availability. As a whole, the tolerant SP83-2847 and CTC15 cultivars exhibited a better photosynthetic performance than the sensitive SP86-155 cultivar. The data suggest that these physiological parameters can be used in the evaluation and distinction of drought tolerant and sensitive sugarcane genotypes.

Antisense inhibition of NADH glutamate synthase impairs carbon/nitrogen assimilation in nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cordoba ◽  
Svetlana Shishkova ◽  
Carroll P. Vance ◽  
Georgina Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Antisense Inhibition ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Nitrogen absorption and assimilation in NaCl-resistant and NaCl-susceptible millet genotypes (Pennisetum americanum)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Bottacin ◽  
Giovanni Cacco ◽  
Massimo Saccomani
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Salt Adaptation ◽  
Pennisetum Americanum ◽  
Nitrogen Absorption ◽  
Salt Susceptible

Nitrogen absorption and assimilation were compared in salt-resistant and salt-susceptible genotypes of millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke) in the absence of NaCl (control) and under saline conditions (300 mM NaCl). At 300 mM NaCl, Na+ and Cl− contents of leaves were lower in the resistant than in the susceptible genotypes and K+ content decreased with respect to the control in both genotypes. In the susceptible genotypes, the uptake of both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] was inhibited by NaCl, while in the resistant genotypes only [Formula: see text] uptake was inhibited. The activities of several enzymes of nitrogen assimilation were also related to salinity tolerance: in vivo nitrate reductase and NADH- and NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase increased; in vitro nitrate reductase and the rate of [14C]leucine incorporation decreased. Only the glutamine pathway enzymes, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase, gave different responses to salinity in relation to the genotype: both enzyme activities were higher in the resistant and lower in the susceptible genotypes. These results suggest that the shift of nitrogen assimilation toward the glutamine route is the main feature of the salt adaptation in millet.

Review: Nitrogen assimilation in crop plants and its affecting factors

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bataung Mokhele ◽  
Xianjin Zhan ◽  
Guozheng Yang ◽  
Xianlong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Nitrogen Forms ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Assimilation Process ◽  
Related Process

Mokhele, B., Zhan, X., Yang, G. and Zhang, X. 2012. Review: Nitrogen assimilation in crop plants and its affecting factors. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 399–405. In this review we discuss mainly nitrogen assimilation in crop plants and factors affecting the related process. Nitrogen is a major macro-element limiting the growth and development of plants in agriculture. Both organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen are metabolized in plants; nitrate and ammonia in soil are common forms of inorganic nitrogen that can be metabolized in all plants. There are other nitrogen forms, which include amino acids, nitrite and urea, that are metabolized in plants. Metabolism normally starts with reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and the latter further reduces to form ammonium with the presence of relevant enzymes. This reaction occurs more rapidly in leaves in the presence of light. After ammonia is formed, it enters into the biosynthetic pathways of plant cells, such as reductive amination and transpiration, to produce different amino acids. Amino acids in cells take part in the synthesis of protein and other nitrogenous compounds that help in body building. Radiation, gaseous factors, the presence of metals, soil pH and amount of nitrate are some of the environmental factors affecting absorption and reduction of nitrogen in plants. This review presents a comprehensive understanding of the assimilation process by crop plants of nitrogen and recommends that favorable surrounding conditions are the prerequisites for plants to absorb and utilize nitrogen efficiently.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic performance and anatomical adaptations in Byrsonima sericea DC. under contrasting light conditions in a remnant of the Atlantic forest

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anandra S. Silva ◽  
Jurandi G. Oliveira ◽  
Maura da Cunha ◽  
Angela P. Vitória
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis

The photosynthetic dynamics of the tropical pioneer species, Byrsonima sericea DC., were studied during the regeneration process of a native forest by evaluating ecophysiological (gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment contents) and anatomical parameters of plants in sunny and shady environments. Ecophysiological evaluations were carried out monthly for one year, encompassing both a dry and a rainy season. Byrsonima sericea DC. presents anatomical plasticity that enables it to establish in environments with contrasting light regimes. In sunny conditions, it produced a thicker leaf (about 420 mm) and flat adaxial epidermis, whilst in the shade, leaves had a thinner convex adaxial epidermis (about 395 mm). No differences were found in the compositions of the pigments in the different environments, however, during the dry season, the plants presented a significantly higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments. In the sun, plants showed decreases in Fv/F0 ratio (in the rainy season) and NPQ (in the dry season), but no difference was observed between plants that were in the sun or in the shade. A significantly higher net photosynthetic rate was found only in the rainy season in the plants in the sun, compared to shaded plants (9.9±0.8 and 7.4±0.3 µmol m-2s-1, respectively). Significant increase in transpiration was observed in plants in the shade during the dry season, but no alterations were observed in the water use efficiency. Ecophysiological data suggest that mainly plants overexposed to the sun underwent water limitations during the dry season and that, in the rainy season, these plants increased their net photosynthetic rate, possibly due to the greater drainage force resulting from increased growth during this period. Data suggest that anatomic alterations, namely the convex adaxial epidermis, could aid in the supply of light to shaded plants during both seasons, precluding changes in the pigments, such as the increase in chlorophyll b usually observed in shaded plants, but not detected in the present study. Another consequence of the greater quantity of light captured by these shade plants is that during the dry season their net photosynthetic rate was not different from that of plants in a sunny environment. However, when water was not a limiting factor, a better photosynthetic performance was observed in this pioneer specie in open spaces.

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